Empathy in schizophrenia: impaired resonance
Open accessAbstract
Resonance is the phenomenon of one person unconsciously mirroring the motor actions as basis of emotional expressions of another person. This shared representation serves as a basis for sharing physiological and emotional states of others and is an important component of empathy. Contagious laughing and contagious yawning are examples of resonance. In the interpersonal contact with individuals with schizophrenia we can often experience impaired empathic resonance. The aim of this study is to determine differences in empathic resonance-in terms of contagion by yawning and laughing-in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls in the context of psychopathology and social functioning. We presented video sequences of yawning, laughing or neutral faces to 43 schizophrenia outpatients and 45 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Participants were video-taped during the stimulation and rated regarding contagion by yawning and laughing. In addition, we assessed self-rated empathic abilities (Interpersonal Reactivity Index), psychopathology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in the schizophrenia group resp. Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire in the control group), social dysfunction (Social Dysfunction Index) and executive functions (Stroop, Fluency). Individuals with schizophrenia showed lower contagion rates for yawning and laughing. Self-rated empathic concern showed no group difference and did not correlate with contagion. Low rate of contagion by laughing correlated with the schizophrenia negative syndrome and with social dysfunction. We conclude that impaired resonance is a handicap for individuals with schizophrenia in social life. Blunted observable resonance does not necessarily reflect reduced subjective empathic concern.
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Earlier studies failed to account for general cognitive, motor, or emotional impairments linked to schizophrenia.
“However, previous studies assessed either voluntary imitation [7][8][9][10][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] or automatic imitation of emotional stimuli 12,13,32,33 while not controlling for the cognitive, motoric, and/or emotional deficits associated with the disorder.”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The Contagion section describes a study of automatic yawning and laughing responses, and Group differences in contagion acknowledges that illness-related psychomotor constraints could help explain the findings. But the paper did assess executive function and use stimulus-incongruent responses to examine overall psychomotor activity, so it does not support the blanket claim that it failed to account for cognitive and motor impairments. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEarlier work on imitation in schizophrenia used either voluntary imitation tasks or automatic imitation of emotional stimuli.
“However, previous studies assessed either voluntary imitation [7][8][9][10][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] or automatic imitation of emotional stimuli 12,13,32,33 while not controlling for the cognitive, motoric, and/or emotional deficits associated with the disorder.”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The Contagion section describes an automatic response to videos of laughing and yawning faces, supporting this paper as an example of earlier work on automatic imitation. But the sentence’s added claim that such studies did not control for associated deficits is too broad for this source: the Group differences in contagion section examines executive functioning, medication, and stimulus-incongruent responses as an indicator of psychomotor activity. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBecause people with schizophrenia have varied emotion-processing difficulties, it is uncertain whether impaired imitation of emotional stimuli reflects imitation itself or other emotional processes.
“Third, because patients display a variety of problems in processing of emotions, 46 it is unclear whether a deficit in voluntary or automatic imitation of emotional stimuli 11,12,47,48 would reflect a specific impairment in imitation, or other aspects of emotion processing”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Haker, H., & Rössler, W.
- Venue
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009-04-18
- Volume
- 259
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 352-361
- ISSN
- 0003-9373 (ISSN-L)
- 0940-1334
- 1433-8491
- OpenAlex
- W2014437618
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 7.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- empathy, schizophrenia, resonance, contagious yawning, mirror neuron system, social dysfunction, negative symptoms, empathic concern, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Empathy, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality, Problem Solving, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Linear Models, Statistics, Nonparametric, Young Adult
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