Cost of healthcare for patients with migraine in five European countries: results from the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS)
Open accessAbstract
Migraine is a disabling neurological disease that affects 14.7 % of Europeans. Studies evaluating the economic impact of migraine are complex to conduct adequately and with time become outdated as healthcare systems evolve. This study sought to quantify and compare direct medical costs of chronic migraine (CM) and episodic migraine (EM) in five European countries. Cross-sectional data collected via a web-based survey were screened for migraine and classified as CM (≥15 headache days/month) or EM (<15 headache days/month), and included sociodemographics, resource use data and medication use. Unit cost data, gathered using publicly available sources, were analyzed for each type of service, stratified by migraine status. Univariate and multivariate log-normal regression models were used to examine the relationship between various factors and their impact on total healthcare costs. This economic analysis included data from respondents with migraine in the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. CM participants had higher level of disability and more prevalent psychiatric disorders compared to EM. CM participants had more provider visits, emergency department/hospital visits, and diagnostic tests; the medical costs were three times higher for CM than EM. Per patient annual costs were highest in the UK and Spain and lower in France and Germany. CM was associated with higher medical resource use and total costs compared to EM in all study countries, suggesting that treatments that reduce headache frequency could decrease the clinical and economic burden of migraine in Europe. Comparing patterns of care and outcomes among countries may facilitate the development of more cost-effective care, and bring greater recognition to patients affected by migraine.
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No detailed assessment of the current treatment pathway, impact on work productivity, or burden associated with premonitory and postdromal phases of migraine is available in individuals experiencing ≥4 monthly migraine days who have had previous prophylactic treatments that failed and continue to experience frequent migraines.
“Specifically, no detailed assessment of the current treatment pathway, impact on work productivity, or burden associated with premonitory and postdromal phases of migraine is available in individuals experiencing ≥4 MMDs who have had previous prophylactic treatments that failed and continue to experience frequent migraines.”
From My Migraine Voice survey: a global study of disease burden among individuals with migraine for whom preventive treatments have failed (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Current understanding of migraine burden among individuals with the highest unmet needs, specifically those experiencing ≥4 monthly migraine days and prior prophylaxis failure, is limited.
“However, the current understanding of migraine burden among individuals with the highest unmet needs, specifically those experiencing ≥4 monthly migraine days (MMDs) and prior prophylaxis failure, is limited.”
From My Migraine Voice survey: a global study of disease burden among individuals with migraine for whom preventive treatments have failed (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
The findings are consistent with the results of the IBMS study, which found that for each of the five European countries studied, chronic migraine was associated with additional healthcare costs attributable to increased use of medical services and associated cost.
“These findings are consistent with the results of the IBMS study, which found that for each of the five European countries studied, chronic migraine (per ICHD-2 criteria, persons with ≥15 MMDs) was associated with additional healthcare costs attributable to an increased use of medical services and associated cost [6].”
From My Migraine Voice survey: a global study of disease burden among individuals with migraine for whom preventive treatments have failed (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
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Correlation between Migraine Severity and Cholesterol Levels
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CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies for Migraine: Rationale and Progress
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Is Migraine Primarily a Metaboloendocrine Disorder?
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Zolmitriptan for acute migraine attacks in adults
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Early Use of Erenumab vs Nonspecific Oral Migraine Preventives
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Economic burden of chronic migraine in OECD countries: a systematic review
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- Authors
- Bloudek, L. M., Stokes, M., Buse, D. C., Wilcox, T. K., Lipton, R. B., Goadsby, P. J., Varon, S. F., Blumenfeld, A. M., Katsarava, Z., Pascual, J., Lanteri-Minet, M., Cortelli, P., & Martelletti, P.
- Affiliations
- Allergan (United States) (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Essen University Hospital (DE)
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (ES)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Bloudek, L. M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2012-05-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 361-378
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC3381065
- OpenAlex
- W2094473459
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 17.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Washington
- Allergan
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- migraine, chronic migraine, episodic migraine, health care costs, direct medical costs, health care utilization, disability, psychiatric comorbidity, emergency department visits, hospital visits, diagnostic testing, medication use, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Europe, Female, Persons with Disabilities, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Migraine Disorders, Health Care Costs
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