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Model-Guided Design and Optimization of CPA Perfusion Protocols for Whole Organ Cryopreservation
Abstract
Vitrification could enable long-term organ preservation, but only after loading high-concentration, potentially toxic cryoprotective agents (CPAs) by perfusion. In this paper, we combine a two-compartment Krogh cylinder model with a toxicity cost function to theoretically optimize the loading of CPA (VMP) in rat kidneys as a model system. First, based on kidney perfusion experiments, we systematically derived the parameters for a CPA transport loading model, including the following: V b = 86.0% ( r a = 3.86 μm), L p = 1.5 × 10 –14 m 3 /(N·s), ω = 7.0 × 10 –13 mol/(N·s), σ = 0.10. Next, we measured the toxicity cost function model parameters as α = 3.12 and β = 9.39 × 10 –6 . Combining these models, we developed an improved kidney-loading protocol predicted to achieve vitrification while minimizing toxicity. The optimized protocol resulted in shorter exposure (25 min or 18.5% less) than the gold standard kidney-loading protocol for VMP, which had been developed based on decades of empirical practice. After testing both protocols on rat kidneys, we found comparable physical and biological outcomes. While we did not dramatically reduce toxicity, we did reduce the time. As our approach is now validated, it can be used on other organs lacking defined toxicity data to reduce CPA exposure time and provide a rapid path toward developing CPA perfusion protocols for other organs and CPAs.
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“but increase biological toxicity relative to the CPAs chosen here35.”
From Physical vitrification and nanowarming at liter-scale CPA volumes: toward organ cryopreservation (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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“Higher concentrations of CPAs such as VS83 (83% w/w CPA) have even lower CCR and can be more easily vitrified”
From Physical vitrification and nanowarming at liter-scale CPA volumes: toward organ cryopreservation (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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Physical vitrification and nanowarming at liter-scale CPA volumes: toward organ cryopreservation
Gangwar, L., Han, Z., Scheithauer, C., Namsrai, B.-E., Kantesaria, S., Goldstein, R., Etheridge, M. L., Finger, E. B., & Bischof, J. C. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63483-2 · Cited by 26
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Metadata
- Authors
- Han, Z., Rao, J. S., Ramesh, S., Hergesell, J., Namsrai, B.-E., Etheridge, M. L., Finger, E. B., & Bischof, J. C.
- ORCID
- Bischof, John C.
- Venue
- Annals of Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2023-06-23
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2216-2228
- ISSN
- 0090-6964
- 1573-9686
- PMC
- PMC10518287
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 1
- Language
- en
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NIH R01DK117425, NIH R01DK132211, NIH R01HL135046)
- National Science Foundation (NSF EEC 1941543)
- Biostasis Research Institute
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