Better decision support through exploratory discrimination-aware data mining: foundations and empirical evidence
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
[114,211] investigated visual mechanisms to better display issues with data to users, yet these approaches generally lack support for novice users.
“[114,211] investigated visual mechanisms to better display łissuesž with data to users, yet these approaches generally lack support for novice users [24].”
From Fairness in machine learning: A survey (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
UCI Repository of machine learning databases
Blake, C. L. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,491 · see citing works
IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions for use
Lewis, J. R. (1995) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447319509526110 · Cited by 2,429 · see citing works
From data mining to knowledge discovery: an overview
Fayyad, U. M., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., & Smyth, P. (1996) · Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining · Cited by 2,319 · see citing works
Data collection in a flat world: the strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples
Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. E., & Cheema, A. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1753 · Cited by 2,242 · see citing works
CPAR: Classification based on Predictive Association Rules
Yin, X., & Han, J. (2003) · Proceedings of the 2003 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining · doi:10.1137/1.9781611972733.40 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Design Study Methodology: Reflections from the Trenches and the Stacks
Sedlmair, M., Meyer, M., & Munzner, T. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2012.213 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
UCI Repository of Machine Learning Database
Newman, D. J. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Three naive Bayes approaches for discrimination-free classification.
Calders, T., & Verwer, S. (2010) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-010-0190-x · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Fairness-Aware Classifier with Prejudice Remover Regularizer
Kamishima, T., Akaho, S., Asoh, H., & Sakuma, J. (2012) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33486-3_3 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Discrimination-aware data mining
Pedreshi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2008) · Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining · doi:10.1145/1401890.1401959 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
The challenge of information visualization evaluation
Plaisant, C. (2004) · Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI) · doi:10.1145/989863.989880 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
From words to meaning: A semantic illusion
Erickson, T. D., & Mattson, M. E. (1981) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(81)90165-1 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Evaluating informatics applications – clinical decision support systems literature review
Kaplan, B. (2001) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/s1386-5056(01)00183-6 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Cognitive biases and decision support systems development: a design science approach
Arnott, D. R. (2005) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00208.x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
A Methodology for Direct and Indirect Discrimination Prevention in Data Mining
Hajian, S., & Domingo-Ferrer, J. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2012.72 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Discrimination Aware Decision Tree Learning
Kamiran, F., Calders, T., & Pechenizkiy, M. (2010) · 2010 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining · doi:10.1109/icdm.2010.50 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis
Romei, A., & Ruggieri, S. (2014) · The Knowledge Engineering Review · doi:10.1017/s0269888913000039 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
k-NN as an implementation of situation testing for discrimination discovery and prevention
Luong, B. T., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2011) · Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining · doi:10.1145/2020408.2020488 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Data mining for discrimination discovery
Ruggieri, S., Pedreschi, D., & Turini, F. (2010) · TKDD · doi:10.1145/1754428.1754432 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Measuring Discrimination in Socially-Sensitive Decision Records
Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2009) · SIAM International Conference on Data Mining · doi:10.1137/1.9781611972795.50 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Increasing cheat robustness of crowdsourcing tasks
Eickhoff, C., & de Vries, A. P. (2012) · Information Retrieval · doi:10.1007/s10791-011-9181-9 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
An exploratory cognitive DSS for strategic decision making
Chen, J. Q., & Lee, S. M. (2003) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/s0167-9236(02)00139-2 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Privacy, Data Protection and Law Enforcement. Opacity of the Individual and Transparency of Power
Gutwirth, S., & Hert, P. D. (2022) · Direito Público · doi:10.11117/rdp.v18i100.6200 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Alhadeff, J., Alsenoy, B. V., & Dumortier, J. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137032225_4 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Baeyens, A., & Goffin, T. (2014) · European Journal of Health Law · doi:10.1163/15718093-12341324 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Kamiran, F., Žliobaitė, I., & Calders, T. (2013) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-012-0584-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
A general equation and technique for the exact partitioning of chi-square contingency tables.
Bresnahan, J. L., & Shapiro, M. M. (1966) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0023728 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fine, C. (2010) · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Discrimination prevention in data mining for intrusion and crime detection
Hajian, S., Domingo‐Ferrer, J., & Martínez-Ballesté, A. (2011) · doi:10.1109/cicybs.2011.5949405 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Perer, A., & Shneiderman, B. (2009) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2009.44 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Integrating induction and deduction for finding evidence of discrimination
Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2009) · Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1145/1568234.1568252 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ruggieri, S., Pedreschi, D., & Turini, F. (2010) · Proceedings - ACM-SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data · doi:10.1145/1807167.1807298 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A study of top-k measures for discrimination discovery
Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2012) · Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing · doi:10.1145/2245276.2245303 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Zuccon, G., Leelanupab, T., Whiting, S., Yılmaz, E., Jose, J. M., & Azzopardi, L. A. (2012) · Information Retrieval · doi:10.1007/s10791-012-9206-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Direct and Indirect Discrimination Prevention Methods
Hajian, S., & Domingo-Ferrer, J. (2013) · Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_13 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Exploring Discrimination: A User-centric Evaluation of Discrimination-Aware Data Mining
Berendt, B., & Preibusch, S. (2012) · 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2012.109 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationInjecting Discrimination and Privacy Awareness Into Pattern Discovery
Hajian, S., Monreale, A., Pedreschi, D., Domingo‐Ferrer, J., & Giannotti, F. (2012) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2012.51 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
More than modelling and hiding: towards a comprehensive view of Web mining and privacy
Berendt, B. (2012) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-012-0254-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationA Privacy-Protecting Business-Analytics Service for On-Line Transactions
Berendt, B., Preibusch, S., & Teltzrow, M. (2008) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415120306 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationClassifying Socially Sensitive Data Without Discrimination: An Analysis of a Crime Suspect Dataset
Kamiran, F., Karim, A., Verwer, S., & Goudriaan, H. (2012) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2012.117 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Considerations on Fairness-Aware Data Mining
Kamishima, T., Akaho, S., Asoh, H., & Sakuma, J. (2012) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2012.101 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Anatomy of Insurance Anti-Discrimination LawsPreprint
Avraham, R., Logue, K. D., & Schwarcz, D. B. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2135800 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tobler, C. (2011) · Common Market Law Review · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Discriminatory Decision Policy Aware Classification
Mancuhan, K., & Clifton, C. (2012) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2012.96 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Visual data mining for higher-level patterns: Discrimination-aware data mining and beyond
Bo, G., & Berendt, B. (2011) · Lirias · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationSchanze, E. (2013) · German Law Journal · doi:10.1017/s2071832200001863 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Generalized discrimination discovery on semi-structured data supported by ontology
Thanh, B. L. (2011) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Genuine occupational requirements
Pitt, G. (2009) · Research Repository (Kingston University London) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Hajian, S.: Simultaneous discrimination prevention and privacy protection in data pub- lishing and mining. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Engineering and Mathemat- ics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia (2013)
- Knudsen, S.: Intersectionality -a theoretical inspiration in the analysis of minority cultures and identities in textbooks. In: Caught in the Web or Lost in the Textbook, pp. 61-76 (2006). http://iartem.no/documents/caught_in_the_web.pdf [2013-08-20]
- Marghescu, D., Rajanen, M., Back, B.: Evaluating the quality of use of visual data- mining tools. In: Proc. 11th Europ. Conf. on IT Evaluation, 11-12 Nov., 2004, Amster- dam, pp. 239-250. Academic Conferences Limited (2004)
- Microsoft: New York City Police Department and Microsoft partner to bring real- time crime prevention and counterterrorism technology solution to global law enforce- ment agencies (2012). http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/Press/2012/Aug12/ 08-08NYPDPR.aspx [2013-08-20]
- Park, H., Reder, M.L.: Moses illusion. In: F.R. Pohl (ed.) Cognitive Illusions, pp. 275- 291. Psychology Press (2004)
- Ruggieri, S., Pedreschi, D., Turini, F.: DCUBE: discrimination discovery in databases. In: Proc. SIGMOD'10, pp. 1127-1130 (2010)
- Shearer, C.: The CRISP-DM model: The new blueprint for data mining. Journal of Data Warehousing 5(4), 13-22 (2000)
- Sykes, J.B. (ed.): The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 7th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1982)
- Vreeken, J., Ling, C., Zaki, M.J., Siebes, A., Yu, J.X., Goethals, B., Webb, G.I., Wu, X. (eds.): 12th IEEE ICDM Workshops, Brussels, Belgium, Dec. 10, 2012. IEEE Computer Society (2012)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision Making and a “Right to Explanation”
Goodman, B., & Flaxman, S. (2017) · AI Magazine · doi:10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741 · Cited by 2,131 · see citing works
'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage': Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions
Binns, R., Van Kleek, M., Veale, M., Lyngs, U., Zhao, J., & Shadbolt, N. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173951 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
“Pr epr in t correct discrimination in data mining exist, these are aimed at data scientists implementing systems rather providing information to the individual decision-subjects affected by them [3, 59, 29, 23, 28].”
BackgroundFairness in machine learning: A survey
Caton, S., & Haas, C. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3616865 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Measuring discrimination in algorithmic decision making
Žliobaitė, I. (2017) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-017-0506-1 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
How Algorithms Discriminate Based on Data They Lack: Challenges, Solutions, and Policy Implications
Williams, B. A., Brooks, C., & Shmargad, Y. (2018) · Journal of Information Policy · doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.8.2018.0078 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
SensitiveNets: Learning Agnostic Representations with Application to Face Images
Morales, A., Fiérrez, J., Vera-Rodríguez, R., & Tolosana, R. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2020.3015420 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Big Data and discrimination: perils, promises and solutions. A systematic review
Favaretto, M., Clercq, E. D., & Elger, B. S. (2019) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-019-0177-4 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Decentering technology in discourse on discrimination
Gangadharan, S. P., & Niklas, J. (2019) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2019.1593484 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Fairness in Machine Learning: A Survey
Caton, S., & Haas, C. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.04053 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
The Tyranny of Data? The Bright and Dark Sides of Data-Driven Decision-Making for Social Good
Lepri, B., Staiano, J., Sangokoya, D., Letouzé, E., & Oliver, N. (2017) · Studies in Big Data · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54024-5_1 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Age-related bias and artificial intelligence: a scoping review
Chu, C. H., Donato‐Woodger, S., Khan, S. S., Nyrup, R., Leslie, K., Lyn, A., Shi, T., Bianchi, A., Rahimi, S. A., & Grenier, A. M. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01999-y · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Discrimination- and privacy-aware patterns
Hajian, S., Domingo-Ferrer, J., Monreale, A., Pedreschi, D., & Giannotti, F. (2015) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-014-0393-7 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Post-comparison mitigation of demographic bias in face recognition using fair score normalization
Terhörst, P., Kolf, J. N., Damer, N., Kirchbuchner, F., & Kuijper, A. (2020) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2020.11.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Veale, M., & Binns, R. (2017) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/ustxg · Cited by 512 · see citing works
SensitiveNets: Learning Agnostic Representations with Application to Face Recognition.Preprint
Morales, A., Fiérrez, J., & Vera-Rodríguez, R. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Berendt, B., & Preibusch, S. (2017) · Big Data · doi:10.1089/big.2016.0055 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationAdomavicius, G., & Yang, M. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3519420 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Politik in der digitalen Gesellschaft
Hofmann, J., Kersting, N., Ritzi, C., & Schünemann, W. J. (2019) · Politik in der digitalen Gesellschaft · doi:10.14361/9783839448649 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Assessing Demand for Transparency in Intelligent Systems Using Machine Learning
Vorm, E. S. (2018) · 2018 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA) · doi:10.1109/inista.2018.8466328 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Aysolmaz, B., İren, D., & Dau, N. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.648 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Is it Research or is it Spying? Thinking-Through Ethics in Big Data AI and Other Knowledge Sciences
Berendt, B., Büchler, M., & Rockwell, G. (2015) · Künstliche Intell. · doi:10.1007/s13218-015-0355-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationBelloso, M. L. (2022) · Information technology and law series/Information technology & law series · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-523-2_5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bias and Discrimination in Artificial Intelligence
Weyerer, J. C., & Langer, P. F. (2020) · Advances in e-business research series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1879-3.ch011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Designing a data mining process for the financial services domain
Plotnikova, V., Dumas, M., Nolte, A., & Milani, F. (2022) · Journal of Business Analytics · doi:10.1080/2573234x.2022.2088412 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Christen, M., Domingo‐Ferrer, J., Herrmann, D., & van den Hoven, J. (2017) · Philosophical studies series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61043-6_10 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Some HCI Priorities for GDPR-Compliant Machine LearningPreprint
Veale, M., Binns, R., & Kleek, M. G. V. (2018) · doi:10.31228/osf.io/wm6yk · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Leveraging AI to Mitigate Money Laundering Risks in the Banking System
Goldbarsht, D. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009334297.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From Myths to Norms: Demystifying Data Mining Models with Instance-Based Transparency
Alufaisan, Y., Zhou, Y., Kantarcıoğlu, M., & Thuraisingham, B. M. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC) · doi:10.1109/cic.2017.00042 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Data Mining Methodologies in the Banking Domain: A Systematic Literature Review
Plotnikova, V., Dumas, M., & Milani, F. (2019) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31143-8_8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adomavicius, G., & Yang, M. (2019) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3446944 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fairness and Artificial Intelligence
Naudts, L., & Vedder, A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009367783.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reflecting on Public Service Regulation by Algorithm
Lodge, M. C., & Mennicken, A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198838494.003.0008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fuzzy-Based Querying Approach for Multidimensional Big Data Quality Assessment
Kumar, K. P., & Venkata Subramanian, D. (2016) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-1008-6.ch001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Schwerpunkt: Digitale Transformation und Gender Bias
Bröcher, L., Gredel, E., & Schelenz, L. (2023) · GENDER – Zeitschrift für Geschlecht Kultur und Gesellschaft · doi:10.3224/gender.v15i1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lütz, F. (2023) · GENDER – Zeitschrift für Geschlecht Kultur und Gesellschaft · doi:10.3224/gender.v15i1.03 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Studying bias in visual features through the lens of optimal transport
Fabbrizzi, S., Zhao, X., Krasanakis, E., Papadopoulos, S., & Ntoutsi, E. (2023) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-023-00972-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Segura, D. S. M. (2023) · Estudios Penales y Criminológicos · doi:10.15304/epc.44.9013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Smuha, N. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009367783.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Afrashteh, S., Someh, I., & Davern, M. J. (2020) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v24i0.2519 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thébaut, C., Dupont, J. K., Jolivet, V., & Scemama, O. (2023) · Éthique Publique · doi:10.4000/ethiquepublique.7984 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Observing and Recommending from a Social Web with BiasesPreprint
Staab, S., Stalla-Bourdillon, S., & Carmichael, L. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1604.07180 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Bank’s Asset Management
Gupta, P., & Bhatia, P. (2021) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8443-5_13
Bednarz, Z., & Žalnieriūtė, M. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009334297.003
Chemli, S., Vitale, A., Shekhar, S., & Valeri, M. (2026) · Journal of Management History · doi:10.1108/jmh-12-2025-0200
- Authors
- Berendt, B., & Preibusch, S.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Microsoft Research (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Berendt, Bettina
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence and Law
- Published
- 2014-01-10
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-209
- ISSN
- 0924-8463 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8382
- OpenAlex
- W2018633013
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 9.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Artificial Intelligence and Law (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Keywords
- algorithmic discrimination, loan approval decisions, decision support, discrimination prevention, discrimination detection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review