Optimized decellularization protocol including α-Gal epitope reduction for fabrication of an acellular porcine annulus fibrosus scaffold
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Recent advances in tissue engineering have led to potential new strategies, especially decellularization protocols from natural tissues, for the repair, replacement, and regeneration of intervertebral discs. This study aimed to validate our previously reported method for the decellularization of annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue and to quantify potentially antigenic α-Gal epitopes in the decellularized tissue. Porcine AF tissue was decellularized using different freeze-thaw temperatures, chemical detergents, and incubation times in order to determine the optimal method for cell removal. The integrity of the decellularized material was determined using biochemical and mechanical tests. The α-Gal epitope was quantified before and after decellularization. Decellularization with freeze-thaw in liquid nitrogen, an ionic detergent (0.1% SDS), and a 24 h incubation period yielded the greatest retention of GAG and collagen relative to DNA reduction when tested as single variables. Combined, these optimal decellularization conditions preserved more GAG while removing the same amount of DNA as the conditions used in our previous study. Components and biomechanical properties of the AF matrix were retained. The decellularized AF scaffold exhibited suitable immune-compatibility, as evidenced by successful in vivo remodeling and a decrease in the α-Gal epitope. Our study defined the optimal conditions for decellularization of porcine AF tissues while preserving the biological composition and mechanical properties of the scaffold. Under these conditions, immunocompatibility was evidenced by successful in vivo remodeling and reduction of the α-Gal epitope in the decellularized material. Decellularized AF scaffolds are potential candidates for clinical applications in spinal surgery.
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Numerous decellularization protocols have been developed, encompassing an array of physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments, often in combination.
“Numerous decellularization protocols have been developed, encompassing an array of physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments, often in combination.”
From Bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering: A review of decellularized extracellular matrix applications and innovations (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
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Decellularized biomaterials for tendon-to-bone healing: Advances and translational challenges
Jin, H., Zhang, C. F., Chen, J. C., Zhang, G., Tang, X., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2026.07.033
Self-citationHsieh, Y.-Y., Wu, L.-C., Tsuang, F.-Y., Kuan, C., & Chiang, C.-J. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1738755
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wu, L.-C., Kuo, Y.-J., Sun, F.-W., Chen, C.-H., Chiang, C.-J., Weng, P.-W., Tsuang, Y.-H., & Huang, Y.-Y.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Taipei Medical University Hospital (TW)
- Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Huang, Yi-You
- Venue
- Cell and Tissue Banking
- Published
- 2017-03-24
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 383-396
- ISSN
- 1389-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6814
- PMC
- PMC5587617
- OpenAlex
- W2600243371
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cell and Tissue Banking (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Keywords
- decellularization, annulus fibrosus, alpha-gal epitope, acellular scaffolds, porcine tissue, intervertebral disc regeneration, freeze-thaw, sodium dodecyl sulfate, glycosaminoglycans, immunocompatibility, spinal surgery
- MeSH terms
- Annulus Fibrosus, Animals, Epitopes, Biomechanical Phenomena, Galactose, Swine, Tissue Engineering, NIH 3T3 Cells, Mice, Tissue Scaffolds, Elastic Modulus
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