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Cited by 680Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine3D Printing in Biomedical ResearchBone Tissue Engineering Materials

Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: Recent trends and emerging strategies in tissue engineering

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Zhang, Xuewei, Chen, Xi, Hong, Hua, Hu, Rubei, Liu, Jiashang, Liu, Changsheng·2022·Bioactive Materials
DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.014PMC PMC8637010
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Abstract

The application of scaffolding materials is believed to hold enormous potential for tissue regeneration. Despite the widespread application and rapid advance of several tissue-engineered scaffolds such as natural and synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, they have limited repair capacity due to the difficulties in overcoming the immunogenicity, simulating in-vivo microenvironment, and performing mechanical or biochemical properties similar to native organs/tissues. Fortunately, the emergence of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds provides an attractive way to overcome these hurdles, which mimic an optimal non-immune environment with native three-dimensional structures and various bioactive components. The consequent cell-seeded construct based on dECM scaffolds, especially stem cell-recellularized construct, is considered an ideal choice for regenerating functional organs/tissues. Herein, we review recent developments in dECM scaffolds and put forward perspectives accordingly, with particular focus on the concept and fabrication of decellularized scaffolds, as well as the application of decellularized scaffolds and their combinations with stem cells (recellularized scaffolds) in tissue engineering, including skin, bone, nerve, heart, along with lung, liver and kidney.

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  • Matrix extracts from decellularized organs contain far more of the matrix components in vivo and preserve intact the many matrix components with their normal relationships with each other, providing effects able to reestablish histological and functional aspects of the organ.

    “Matrix extracts from decellularized organs contain far more of the matrix components in vivo and preserve intact the many matrix components with their normal relationships with each other, providing effects able to reestablish histological and functional aspects of the organ [[13], [14], [15]].”

    From Decellularized liver scaffolds for constructing drug-metabolically functional ex vivo human liver models (2025) · cites this paper as [14]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phospholipases are lipolytic enzymes that cleave ester bonds within phospholipids, aiding in delipidation.

    “Phospholipases are lipolytic enzymes that cleave ester bonds within phospholipids, aiding in delipidation process [157].”

    From Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities (2024) · cites this paper as [157]

    Table 4 in “Fabrication of dECM scaffolds” says lipase hydrolyzes lipids and aids delipidation. It does not identify phospholipases or say that they cleave ester bonds within phospholipids, so the claim’s specific enzyme and mechanism are unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Damage of the ECM due to inappropriate perfusion conditions, the requirement of vascular cannulation, and the need of a specific perfusion pump with complex setups for flow control are the main drawbacks of the perfusion method.

    “Damage of the ECM due to inappropriate perfusion conditions, the requirement of vascular cannulation, and the need of specific perfusion pump with complex setups for flow control are the main drawbacks of the perfusion method [157].”

    From Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities (2024) · cites this paper as [157]

    The “Perfusion” subsection (page unavailable) describes cannulation and says perfusion requires additional hardware and a complex flow-control setup, including a syringe pump. It identifies pressure and flow rate as important parameters but does not say that inappropriate perfusion conditions damage the ECM. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Perfusion efficacy in removing immunogenic cellular remnants and its effect on ECM correlates with infusion direction, selection of route, physical parameters such as flowrate, pressure, and temperature, and properties of applied agents.

    “Perfusion efficacy in removing immunogenic cellular remnants and its effect on ECM correlates with infusion direction (antegrade or retrograde), selection of route (artery or vein), physical parameters such as flowrate, pressure, and temperature, and properties of the applied agents [69].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [69]

    The 'Perfusion' subsection of 'Fabrication of dECM scaffolds' (page not provided) says perfusion efficiency depends on route, infusion mode, pressure, temperature, flow rate, and perfusate type and concentration. It does not say that the effects on ECM, or specifically the removal of immunogenic remnants, vary with those parameters. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Application of trypsin in the initial steps as an adjuvant could enhance decellularization efficacy.

    “Although the application of trypsin in the initial steps as an adjuvant could enhance decellularization efficacy, the sole application of trypsin is insufficient to eliminate cells.”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [69]

    In the ‘Fabrication of dECM scaffolds’ section (page unavailable), the review says trypsin can accelerate decellularization when used in a combined protocol, and that treatments used alone are generally insufficient. It does not specify that trypsin is applied in the initial steps, so that timing is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zhang, X., Chen, X., Hong, H., Hu, R., Liu, J., & Liu, C.
Affiliations
East China University of Science and Technology (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Chen, Xi
  • Liu, Changsheng
ORCID
Venue
Bioactive Materials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-04
Volume
10
Pages
15-31
ISSN
  • 2097-1192 (ISSN-L)
  • 2452-199X
DOI
10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.014
PMC
PMC8637010
OpenAlex
W3203562265
Cited by
680
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 53 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 1
FWCI
27.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Bioactive Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1105700)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (JKD01211612, JKVD12001002)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (51621002)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
Keywords
decellularized extracellular matrix, tissue engineering scaffolds, recellularization, immunogenicity, tissue regeneration, scaffold fabrication, skin regeneration, bone regeneration, nerve regeneration, cardiac regeneration, lung regeneration, liver regeneration, kidney regeneration

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