Prospective relations between parental depression, negative expressiveness, emotional insecurity, and children's internalizing symptoms
Open accessAbstract
Building on the conceptual framework of emotional security theory (Davies and Cummings in Psychol Bull 116:387-411, 1994), this study longitudinally examined multiple factors linking parental depressive symptoms and child internalizing symptoms. Participants were 235 children (106 boys, 129 girls) and their cohabiting parents. Assessments included mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms when children were in kindergarten, parents' negative expressiveness when children were in first grade, children's emotional insecurity 1 year later, and children's internalizing symptoms in kindergarten and second grade. Findings revealed both mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms were related to changes in children's internalizing symptoms as a function of parents' negative emotional expressiveness and children's emotional insecurity. In addition to these similar pathways, distinctive pathways as a function of parental gender were identified. Contributions are considered for understanding relations between parental depressive symptoms and children's development.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Two studies employed bias in sample selection techniques by using flyers to obtain participants.
“In addition to this, two studies employed bias in their sample selection techniques, with the use of flyers to obtain participants (Cummings et al. 2013;Keller et al. 2009).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Cummings et al. 2013
Bias in cohort selection existed, with only five studies outlining inclusion/exclusion criteria.
“Finally, bias in cohort selection existed, with only five studies outlining one or both of the inclusion/exclusion criteria (Cummings et al. 2013;Keller et al. 2009;Ramchandani et al. 2013;Shelton & Harold, 2008;Smith et al. 2013).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Cummings et al. 2013
Fathers' negative expressiveness significantly mediated the impact of paternal symptoms on children's internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms and emotional insecurity.
“Fathers' negative expressiveness significantly mediated the impact of paternal symptoms on children's internalizing symptoms (Cummings et al. 2013;Keller et al. 2009;Shelton & Harold, 2008), externalizing symptoms (Shelton & Harold, 2008) and emotional insecurity (Cummings et al. 2013).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Cummings et al. 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532 · see citing works
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335 · see citing works
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
(1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,071 · see citing works
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203809556 · Cited by 5,618 · see citing works
Manual for ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles
Achenbach, T. M. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,676 · see citing works
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.
Clark, L., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,616 · see citing works
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601 · see citing works
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458 · Cited by 2,493 · see citing works
The Role of the Father in Child Development
Lamb, M. E., Pleck, J. H., & Levine, J. A. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9820-2_7 · Cited by 2,488 · see citing works
Children of depressed parents: An integrative review.
Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.50 · Cited by 2,363 · see citing works
The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Self-citationCox, M. J., & Paley, B. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.243 · Cited by 1,939 · see citing works
Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387 · Cited by 1,866 · see citing works
Self-citationAttachment as an Organizational Construct
Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128475 · Cited by 1,606 · see citing works
The role of the father in child development
Lewis, C. E. (2009) · Cited by 1,423 · see citing works
Zahn-Waxler, C., Klimes-Dougan, B., & Slattery, M. (2000) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400003102 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Zhao, S., Blazer, D. G., & Swartz, M. (1997) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00056-6 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Direct and Indirect Effects in Linear Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1987) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124187016001006 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Offspring of Depressed Parents
Weissman, M. M. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830220054009 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Developmental Psychopathology and Family Process: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications
Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., Campbell, S. B. G., & Cicchetti, D. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Self-citationGoodman, S. H. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091401 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
A Secure Base from Which to Explore Close Relationships
Waters, E., & Cummings, E. M. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00130 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of fathers in child and adolescent psychopathology: Make room for daddy.
Phares, V., & Compas, B. E. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.387 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Children of parents with major affective disorder: a review
Beardslee, W. R., Bemporad, J. R., Keller, M. B., & Klerman, G. L. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.7.825 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.03.004 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Eisenberg, N., Gershoff, E. T., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. J., Losoya, S. H., Guthrie, I. K., & Murphy, B. C. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.4.475 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Marital conflict and children: an emotional security perspective
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-1160 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Marital Conflict and Children: An Emotional Security Perspective
Barratt, S. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00617_4.x · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007008 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-expressiveness within the family context: Psychometric support for a new measure.
Halberstadt, A. G., Cassidy, J. A., Stifter, C. A., Parke, R. D., & Fox, N. A. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.1.93 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Child emotional security and interparental conflict.
Davies, P. T., Harold, G. T., Goeke‐Morey, M. C., Cummings, E. M., Shelton, K. H., & Rasi, J. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Self-citationEisenberg, N., Gershoff, E. T., Fabes, R. A., et al. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.475 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Mothers' Mental Illness and Child Behavior Problems: Cause-Effect Association or Observation Bias?
Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Nikles, J., SPENCE, S., Bor, W., O'Callaghan, M. J., Brocque, R. M. L., & Andersen, M. J. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200005000-00013 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Gene-environment interdependence.
Rutter, M. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00557.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms and parenting competence: An analysis of 13 regulatory processes
Dix, T. H., & Meunier, L. N. (2009) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.11.002 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Marital conflict and the development of infant-parent attachment relationships.
Owen, M. T., & Cox, M. J. (1997) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.11.2.152 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Depression in Children and Adolescents
Garber, J. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.007 · Cited by 263 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The role of parents’ negative emotional expressiveness in pathways between parental depressive symptoms and children’s risk for adjustment problems has been little examined but the evidence suggests it merits study [5, 13, 14].”
Family processes in the development of youth depression: Translating the evidence to treatment
Restifo, K., & Bögels, S. M. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.005 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Silberg, J. L., MAES, H. H. M., & Eaves, L. J. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02205.x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Marital Conflict, Child Emotional Security about Family Relationships and Child Adjustment
Harold, G. T., Shelton, K. H., Goeke‐Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00272.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationRamchandani, P. G., O’Connor, T. G., Evans, J., Heron, J., Murray, L., & Stein, A. L. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02000.x · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Shelton, K. H., & Harold, G. T. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013515 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Wong, M. S., McElwain, N. L., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2009) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015552 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cummings, E. M., George, M. R. W., McCoy, K. P., & Davies, P. T. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01807.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression and marital functioning: An examination of specificity and gender differences.
Gotlib, I. H., & Whiffen, V. E. (1989) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.98.1.23 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Szántó, K., Vittorio, C. D., Conwell, Y., Lester, D., Tatarelli, R., Girardi, P., & Amore, M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Concept of Development in Developmental Psychopathology
Sroufe, L. A. (2009) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00103.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Depression and marital functioning: An examination of specificity and gender differences.
Gotlib, I. H., & Whiffen, V. E. (1989) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.98.1.23 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Lewis, G., Rice, F. J., Harold, G. T., Collishaw, S., & Thapar, A. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.015 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Preadolescent Clues to Understanding Depression in Girls
Keenan, K., & Hipwell, A. E. (2005) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-005-4750-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Schudlich, T. D. R., & Cummings, E. M. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00630.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationSchudlich, T. D. R., & Cummings, E. M. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9118-3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationCummings, E. M., Merrilees, C. E., & George, M. W. (2010) · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationMarital Conflict and Children’s Emotional Security in the Context of Parental Depression
Kouros, C. D., Merrilees, C. E., & Cummings, E. M. (2008) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00514.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily expressiveness styles and nonverbal communication skills
Halberstadt, A. G. (1983) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986327 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Laible, D. (2006) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2006.0035 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Davies, P. T., Harold, G. T., Goeke‐Morey, M. C., Cummings, E. M., Shelton, K. H., & Rasi, J. A. (2002) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00205 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationFARMER, A. E., McGuffin, P., & Williams, J. H. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192630803.001.0001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Innamorati, M., Leo, D. D., Rihmer, Z., Serafini, G., Brugnoli, R., Lester, D., Amore, M., Pompili, M., & Girardi, P. (2011) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2011.609802 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Halberstadt, A. G. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Science and Ethics of Causal Modeling
Pearl, J. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203840023.ch15 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [33]Davies PT Harold GT Goeke-Morey MC Cummings EM Shelton K Rasi JA Jenkins JM 2002 Child emotional security and interparental conflict Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 12528424
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review
Sweeney, S., & MacBeth, A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.073 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Associations of parental depression with child school performance at age 16 years in Sweden
Shen, H., Magnusson, C., Rai, D., Lundberg, M., Lê-Scherban, F., Dalman, C., & Lee, B. K. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2917 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cummings, E. M., Cheung, R. Y. M., & Davies, P. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cummings, E. Mark
- Venue
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 698-708
- ISSN
- 0009-398X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3327
- PMC
- PMC3695069
- OpenAlex
- W2120198745
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Rochester
- University of Notre Dame
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH057318)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- parental depression, emotional insecurity, child internalizing symptoms, emotional security theory, maternal depressive symptoms, paternal depressive symptoms, gender differences in parenting, child development, early childhood
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Behavioral Symptoms, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Prospective Studies, Psychological Theory, Sex Factors, Child of Impaired Parents, Expressed Emotion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
