Cited by 118Forest Management and PolicySoil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsClimate Change Policy and Economics

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Ecological limits to terrestrial biological carbon dioxide removal

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Smith, Lydia J., Torn, Margaret S.·2013·Climatic Change

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Abstract

Terrestrial biological atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (BCDR) through bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECS), afforestation/reforestation, and forest and soil management is a family of proposed climate change mitigation strategies. Very high sequestration potentials for these strategies have been reported, but there has been no systematic analysis of the potential ecological limits to and environmental impacts of implementation at the scale relevant to climate change mitigation. In this analysis, we identified site-specific aspects of land, water, nutrients, and habitat that will affect local project-scale carbon sequestration and ecological impacts. Using this framework, we estimated global-scale land and resource requirements for BCDR, implemented at a rate of 1 Pg C y −1 . We estimate that removing 1 Pg C y −1 via tropical afforestation would require at least 7 × 10 6 ha y −1 of land, 0.09 Tg y −1 of nitrogen, and 0.2 Tg y −1 of phosphorous, and would increase evapotranspiration from those lands by almost 50 %. Switchgrass BECS would require at least 2 × 10 8 ha of land (20 times U.S. area currently under bioethanol production) and 20 Tg y −1 of nitrogen (20 % of global fertilizer nitrogen production), consuming 4 × 10 12 m 3 y −1 of water. While BCDR promises some direct (climate) and ancillary (restoration, habitat protection) benefits, Pg C-scale implementation may be constrained by ecological factors, and may compromise the ultimate goals of climate change mitigation.

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See all 118

Authors: Smith, L. J., & Torn, M. S.
Affiliations: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author: Torn, Margaret S.
ORCID: Torn, Margaret S.
Venue: Climatic Change
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-02-06
Volume: 118
Issue: 1
Pages: 89-103
ISSN: 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
1573-1480
DOI: 10.1007/s10584-012-0682-3
OpenAlex: W2081128850
Cited by: 118
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 5.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0 (unspecified)
Locations: Climatic Change (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy (-AC02-05CH11231, Contract No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231, 05CH11231, No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231, DE AC02 05CH11231, DE-AC02-)
Office of Science (No. DE-AC02- 05-CH11231, DEAC02–05CH11231, AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC02, 05CH11231, Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231)
Biological and Environmental Research (05CH11231, No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC02 − 05CH11231, Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, AC02-05CH11231)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Forest Management and Policy
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
Keywords: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, afforestation, switchgrass, nitrogen fertilization, phosphorus utilization, water consumption, evapotranspiration, land requirements, soil carbon sequestration, ecological limits, climate change mitigation

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