The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK
Open accessAbstract
The production of animal-based foods is associated with higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than plant-based foods. The objective of this study was to estimate the difference in dietary GHG emissions between self-selected meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Subjects were participants in the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. The diets of 2,041 vegans, 15,751 vegetarians, 8,123 fish-eaters and 29,589 meat-eaters aged 20–79 were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Comparable GHG emissions parameters were developed for the underlying food codes using a dataset of GHG emissions for 94 food commodities in the UK, with a weighting for the global warming potential of each component gas. The average GHG emissions associated with a standard 2,000 kcal diet were estimated for all subjects. ANOVA was used to estimate average dietary GHG emissions by diet group adjusted for sex and age. The age-and-sex-adjusted mean (95 % confidence interval) GHG emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per day (kgCO 2 e/day) were 7.19 (7.16, 7.22) for high meat-eaters ( > = 100 g/d), 5.63 (5.61, 5.65) for medium meat-eaters (50-99 g/d), 4.67 (4.65, 4.70) for low meat-eaters ( < 50 g/d), 3.91 (3.88, 3.94) for fish-eaters, 3.81 (3.79, 3.83) for vegetarians and 2.89 (2.83, 2.94) for vegans. In conclusion, dietary GHG emissions in self-selected meat-eaters are approximately twice as high as those in vegans. It is likely that reductions in meat consumption would lead to reductions in dietary GHG emissions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., & Toulmin, C. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1185383 · Cited by 11,943
Solutions for a cultivated planet
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10452 · Cited by 8,476
Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050
Ray, D. K., Mueller, N. D., West, P. C., & Foley, J. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066428 · Cited by 3,415
A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products
Roy, P., Nei, D., Orikasa, T., Xu, Q., Okadome, H., Nakamura, N., & Shiina, T. (2009) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.016 · Cited by 993
Bingham, S. A., Gill, C., Welch, A., Day, K., Cassidy, A., Khaw, K. T., Sneyd, M. J., Key, T. J. A., Roe, L., & Day, N. E. (1994) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19940064 · Cited by 749
Self-citationDavey, G. K., Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., Knox, K. H., & Key, T. J. (2003) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002430 · Cited by 583
Self-citationKey, T. J., Fraser, G. E., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N., Beral, V., Reeves, G., Burr, M. L., Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Kuzma, J. W., et al. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.516s · Cited by 484
Self-citationBingham, S. A., Cassidy, A., Cole, T. J., Welch, A., Runswick, S. A., Black, A. E., Thurnham, D., Bates, C., Khaw, K. T., Key, T. J. A., et al. (1995) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19950057 · Cited by 377
Self-citationEffects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids
Ferdowsian, H. R., & Barnard, N. D. (2009) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.032 · Cited by 196
Cited by
Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change
Springmann, M., Godfray, H. C. J., Rayner, M., & Scarborough, P. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1523119113 · Cited by 1,262
Self-citationAlignment of Healthy Dietary Patterns and Environmental Sustainability: A Systematic Review
Nelson, M. E., Hamm, M. W., Hu, F. B., Abrams, S. A., & Griffin, T. S. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.012567 · Cited by 405
Wright, N., Wilson, L., Smith, M., Duncan, B., & McHugh, P. (2017) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2017.3 · Cited by 340
Gorissen, S. H. M., & Witard, O. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511700194x · Cited by 221
Bradbury, K., Tong, T., & Key, T. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121317 · Cited by 115
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Scarborough, P., Appleby, P. N., Mizdrak, A., Briggs, A. D. M., Travis, R. C., Bradbury, K. E., & Key, T. J.
- Venue
- Climatic Change
- Published
- 2014-06-11
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-192
- ISSN
- 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1480
- OpenAlex
- W2082696666
- Cited by
- 638
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 30.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1
- The paper
- Scarborough, P., Appleby, P. N., Mizdrak, A., Briggs, A. D. M., Travis, R. C., Bradbury, K. E., & Key, T. J. (2014). Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Climatic Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
