Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults

Gorissen, Stefan H. M.; Witard, Oliver C.

doi:10.1017/s002966511700194x

Cited by 222Muscle metabolism and nutritionNutrition and Health in AgingMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults

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Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Witard, Oliver C.·2018·Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

DOI 10.1017/s002966511700194x

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Abstract

The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is caused, at least in part, by a reduced muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to ingested protein is dependent on the quantity and quality of the protein consumed. This review characterises the anabolic properties of animal-derived and plant-based dietary protein sources in older adults. While approximately 60 % of dietary protein consumed worldwide is derived from plant sources, plant-based proteins generally exhibit lower digestibility, lower leucine content and deficiencies in certain essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which compromise the availability of a complete amino acid profile required for muscle protein synthesis. Based on currently available scientific evidence, animal-derived proteins may be considered more anabolic than plant-based protein sources. However, the production and consumption of animal-derived protein sources is associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions, while plant-based protein sources may be considered more environmentally sustainable. Theoretically, the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based proteins can be compensated for by ingesting a greater dose of protein or by combining various plant-based proteins to provide a more favourable amino acid profile. In addition, leucine co-ingestion can further augment the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. Finally, prior exercise or n -3 fatty acid supplementation have been shown to sensitise skeletal muscle to the anabolic properties of dietary protein. Applying one or more of these strategies may support the maintenance of muscle mass with ageing when diets rich in plant-based protein are consumed.

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Witard, O. C., McGlory, C., Hamilton, D. L., & Phillips, S. M. (2016) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-016-9637-9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
The muscle protein synthetic response to food ingestion
Gorissen, S. H. M., Rémond, D., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Consumption of milk protein or whey protein results in a similar increase in muscle protein synthesis in middle aged men
Mitchell, C., McGregor, R., D’Souza, R., Thorstensen, E., Markworth, J., Fanning, A., Poppitt, S., & Cameron-Smith, D. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7105420 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Aging differentially affects human skeletal muscle amino acid transporter expression when essential amino acids are ingested after exercise
Dickinson, J. M., Drummond, M. J., Coben, J. R., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.07.009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dietary animal protein intake: association with muscle mass index in older women.
Lord, C., Chaput, J., Aubertin‐Leheudre, M., Labonté, M., & Dionne, I. J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Soy-dairy protein blend or whey protein isolate ingestion induces similar postexercise muscle mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and protein synthesis responses in older men
Borack, M. S., Reidy, P. T., Husaini, S. H., Markofski, M. M., Deer, R. R., Richison, A. B., Lambert, B. S., Cope, M. B., Mukherjea, R., Jennings, K., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.231159 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
What is the optimal amount of protein to support Post-Exercise skeletal muscle reconditioning in the older adult?
Churchward-Venne, T. A., Holwerda, A. M., Phillips, S. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0504-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Association of protein intake with the change of lean mass among elderly women: The Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention – Fracture Prevention Study (OSTPRE-FPS)
Isanejad, M., Mursu, J., Sirola, J., Kröger, H., Rikkonen, T., Tuppurainen, M., & Erkkila, A. (2015) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2015.31 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Protein Supplementation Has Minimal Effects on Muscle Adaptations during Resistance Exercise Training in Young Men: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Reidy, P. T., Borack, M. S., Markofski, M. M., Dickinson, J. M., Deer, R. R., Husaini, S. H., Walker, D. K., Igbinigie, S., Robertson, S. M., Cope, M. B., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.231803 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2·0 kg, respectively), whereas no further increase in lean body mass was observed after training with whey protein supplementation (2·3 kg)((56)).”
Background
Relationship between animal protein intake and muscle mass index in healthy women
Aubertin‐Leheudre, M., & Adlercreutz, H. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509991310 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Various sources of animal protein intake and their association with muscle mass index and insulin resistance in overweight postmenopausal women
Maltais, M. L., Leblanc, S., Archambault-Therrien, C., Jean, B., Bobeuf, F., & Dionne, I. J. (2013) · International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.5897/ijnam12.019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

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The Role of the Anabolic Properties of Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Sources in Supporting Muscle Mass Maintenance: A Critical Review
Berrazaga, I., Micard, V., Gueugneau, M., & Walrand, S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081825 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
“In theory, mixing different plant-based proteins could compensate for the lower anabolic capacity of these protein sources [61], which means that combining various plant-based protein sources like cereals and legumes in the same food could improve essential amino acids composition to help meet the body’s needs [108] a…”
Background
Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets—A Review
Mariotti, F., & Gardner, C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112661 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“protein intake from vegetarian diets may influence long term markers of muscle mass and function, fitness and ultimately the risk of sarcopenia, and how those processes might interact with other nutritional and lifestyle factors [87,88].”
Background
Protein for Life: Review of Optimal Protein Intake, Sustainable Dietary Sources and the Effect on Appetite in Ageing Adults
Lonnie, M., Hooker, E., Brunstrom, J. M., Corfe, B. M., Green, M. A., Watson, A., Williams, E. A., Stevenson, E., Penson, S., & Johnstone, A. M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030360 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
“The estimated per-meal threshold after consuming a plant protein-rich meal is still unknown, particularly in ageing adults [44].”
Background
Advances in muscle health and nutrition: A toolkit for healthcare professionals
Prado, C. M., Landi, F., Chew, S. T. H., Atherton, P. J., Molinger, J., Ruck, T., & Gonzalez, M. C. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.041 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“Blending plant-and animal-derived proteins may enhance the anabolic effect of plant proteins thereby increasing and extending MPS through correction of EAA de ﬁ ciencies and the different rates of digestion between protein sources, suggesting any rate-limiting issues would be minimized [167].”
Background
Perspective: Protein Requirements and Optimal Intakes in Aging: Are We Ready to Recommend More Than the Recommended Daily Allowance?
Traylor, D. A., Gorissen, S. H. M., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy003 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“Plant-based proteins are less anabolic than animal-derived proteins on a gram-for-gram basis due to lower digestibility and lower content of EAAs and leucine in particular (87, 88).”
Self-citation
A review on mycoprotein: History, nutritional composition, production methods, and health benefits
Ahmad, M. I., Farooq, S., Alhamoud, Y., Li, C., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.027 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Lim, M. T., Pan, B. J., Toh, D. W. K., Sutanto, C. N., & Kim, J. E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020661 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“The cellular mechanisms may involve impaired activation of mTORC1 and downstream targets implicated in translation initiation, such as ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) [16].”
Background
Protein Intake and Frailty: A Matter of Quantity, Quality, and Timing
Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Marzetti, E., Picca, A., Cesari, M., Uchida, M. C., & Calvani, R. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12102915 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“, the proportion of dietary protein-derived AAs that is effectively digested and absorbed, becoming available in a form suitable for body protein synthesis, are significantly different between animal and plant protein sources [83,85].”
BackgroundInfluential
Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People: The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiome
Lochlainn, M. N., Bowyer, R. C. E., & Steves, C. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10070929 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Protein Supplements and Their Relation with Nutrition, Microbiota Composition and Health: Is More Protein Always Better for Sportspeople?
Kårlund, A., Gómez-Gallego, C., Turpeinen, A. M., Palo-oja, O.-M., El-Nezami, H. S., & Kolehmainen, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040829 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Protein should be included in meals before and after the actual performance and regularly (every 3–5 h) during the day to secure the efficient supply of essential amino acids (EAA) [47].”
BackgroundInfluential
Microalgae: potential novel protein for sustainable human nutrition
Williamson, E., Ross, I. L., Wall, B. T., & Hankamer, B. D. (2023) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2023.08.006 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The potential of legume-derived proteins in the food industry
Goldstein, N., & Reifen, R. M. (2022) · Grain & Oil Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.gaost.2022.06.002 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Combining Plant Proteins to Achieve Amino Acid Profiles Adapted to Various Nutritional Objectives—An Exploratory Analysis Using Linear Programming
Dimina, L., Rémond, D., Huneau, J., & Mariotti, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.809685 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Therefore, combining plant proteins in order to mimic the amino acid profile of animal protein may be relevant for specific nutritional strategies (8).”
Background
Mycoprotein: production and nutritional aspects: a review
Majumder, R., Miatur, S., Saha, A., & Hossain, S. (2023) · Sustainable Food Technology · doi:10.1039/d3fb00169e · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Impact of caseins and whey proteins ratio and lipid content on in vitro digestion and ex vivo absorption
Mulet-Cabero, A.-I., Torcello‐Gómez, A., Saha, S., Mackie, A. R., Wilde, P. J., & Brodkorb, A. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126514 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Role of novel protein sources in sustainably meeting future global requirements
Salter, A. M., & Viso, C. L. (2021) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665121000513 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“This is Based on data presented by Gorissen and Witard (21) . even more dramatic for the aquaculture industry, which also depends on ﬁ shmeal (FM) and ﬁ sh oil to meet the nutritional requirements of farmed ﬁ sh (44) .”
Influential
Insects are a viable protein source for human consumption: from insect protein digestion to postprandial muscle protein synthesis in vivo in humans: a double-blind randomized trial
Hermans, W. J. H., Senden, J. M., Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Paulussen, K. J. M., Fuchs, C. J., Smeets, J. S. J., van Loon, J. J. A., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab115 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“The anabolic properties of various protein sources (2–5) are largely defined by their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics (3, 6–8) and amino acid composition (6, 9, 10).”
Background
A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly
Nilsson, M. I., Mikhail, A. I., Lan, L., Carlo, A. D., Hamilton, B., Barnard, K., Hettinga, B. P., Hatcher, E., Tarnopolsky, M. G., Nederveen, J. P., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082391 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“lower anabolic potential compared to animal-based counterparts [51,52].”
Background
Perspective: Vegan Diets for Older Adults? A Perspective On the Potential Impact On Muscle Mass and Strength
Domić, J., Grootswagers, P., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“As discussed in detail earlier, the differences in anabolic properties between animal- and plant-based protein sources may diminish with higher doses of protein (33, 46, 53, 56).”
The public health rationale for promoting plant protein as an important part of a sustainable and healthy diet
Lonnie, M., & Johnstone, A. M. (2020) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12453 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Benefits and Risks Associated with Meat Consumption during Key Life Processes and in Relation to the Risk of Chronic Diseases
Giromini, C., & Givens, D. I. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11142063 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“The review [62] highlighted that despite a wide range of protein sources being consumed, in-depth data on the effects on muscle protein synthesis were only available for milk proteins, beef and the plant proteins in soya and wheat, with, to their knowledge, no studies on proteins in eggs, poultry, pork and fish.”
Background
Comprehensive Review on the Role of Plant Protein As a Possible Meat Analogue: Framing the Future of Meat
Arora, S., Kataria, P., Nautiyal, M., Tuteja, I., Sharma, V., Ahmad, F., Haque, S., Shahwan, M. J., Çapanoğlu, E., Vashishth, R., et al. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c01373 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit
Gwin, J. A., Church, D. D., Wolfe, R. R., Ferrando, A. A., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082457 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The anabolic response to protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has no upper limit in magnitude and duration in vivo in humans
Trommelen, J., van Lieshout, G. A. A., Nyakayiru, J., Holwerda, A. M., Smeets, J. S. J., Hendriks, F. K., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Zorenc, A. H., Senden, J. M., Goessens, J. P. B., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101324 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“42 Because milk protein consists of 20% rapid digestible whey protein and 80% slowly digestible casein protein, it could be speculated that a more prolonged anabolic response to protein ingestion is unique to slowly digestible proteins.”
Background
Dietary leucine requirement of older men and women is higher than current recommendations
Szwiega, S., Pencharz, P. B., Rafii, M., Lebarron, M., Chang, J. J., Ball, R. O., Kong, D., Xu, L., Elango, R., & Courtney‐Martin, G. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa323 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Simultaneous effect of vacuum and ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction on the recovery of plant protein and bioactive compounds from sesame bran
Görgüç, A., Özer, P., & Yılmaz, F. M. (2020) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103424 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Advancement of food‐derived mixed protein systems: Interactions, aggregations, and functional properties
Wu, C., Wang, T., Ren, C., Ma, W., Wu, D., Xu, X., Wang, L., & Du, M. (2020) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12682 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
No differences in muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of wheat protein, milk protein, and their protein blend in healthy, young males
Pinckaers, P. J. M., Kouw, I. W. K., Hendriks, F. K., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Verdijk, L. B., Snijders, T., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521000635 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Critical food and nutrition science challenges for plant-based meat alternative products
Tyndall, S. M., Maloney, G. R., Cole, M., Hazell, N. J. G., & Augustin, M. A. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2107994 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“With respect to nutrition, plant-based proteins are usually less digestible than animal protein and are lower in leucine and some essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine (Gorissen and Witard 2018).”
Background
Plant-Based Diet: Is It as Good as an Animal-Based Diet When It Comes to Protein?
Ewy, M. W., Patel, A., Abdelmagid, M. G., Elfadil, O. M., Bonnes, S. L. R., Salonen, B. R., Hurt, R. T., & Mundi, M. S. (2022) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-022-00401-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and physical frailty through the mediation of sarcopenia
Casati, M., Ferri, E., Azzolino, D., Cesari, M., & Arosio, B. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110639 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sulfur Metabolism Under Stress
Miller, C. G., & Schmidt, E. E. (2020) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2020.8151 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nutritional importance of animal-sourced foods in a healthy diet
Sheffield, S. R., Fiorotto, M. L., & Davis, T. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1424912 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Amount, Source and Pattern of Dietary Protein Intake Across the Adult Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Smeuninx, B., Greig, C. A., & Breen, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00025 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“However, reductions in appetite brought on by physiological (impaired sensory perception, poor chewing capability) and psychosocial factors (loneliness, cost), make it challenging for many older individuals to consume sufficient protein with each meal (14, 15), particularly from animal sources (16).”
Background
The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a plant-derived protein blend does not differ from an equivalent amount of milk protein in healthy, young males
Pinckaers, P. J., Kouw, I. W., Gorissen, S. H., Houben, L. H., Senden, J. M., Wodzig, W. K., de Groot, L. C., Verdijk, L. B., Snijders, T., & van Loon, L. J. (2022) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac222 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“However, plant-derived proteins are believed to have lesser anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins due to their lower digestibility and/or incomplete amino acid profile (17, 18).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Digestion of food proteins: the role of pepsin
Yang, M., Yang, Z., Everett, D. W., Gilbert, E. P., Singh, H., & Ye, A. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2453096 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“However, the production of animal-derived protein sources is associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions, whereas plant-based protein sources are considered environmentally sustainable (Gorissen and Witard 2018).”
Plant-based food patterns to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and support muscle mass in humans: a narrative review
Nichele, S., Phillips, S. M., & Boaventura, B. C. B. (2022) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0806 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Farmed Mussels: A Nutritive Protein Source, Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids, with a Low Environmental Footprint
Yaghubi, E., Carboni, S., Snipe, R. M. J., Shaw, C. S., Fyfe, J. J., Smith, C. M., Kaur, G., Tan, S., & Hamilton, D. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041124 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Animal-derived proteins are recognised as the highest quality proteins for optimising muscle health and improving the quality of the diet [17].”
BackgroundInfluential
In Vitro Digestibility and Antioxidant Activity of Plant Protein Isolate and Milk Protein Concentrate Blends
Khalesi, M., & Fitzgerald, R. J. (2021) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal11070787 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Improvement in the AA profile of blends containing dairy proteins and SPI has been previously reported, showing that the blend had high content of Lys and Met which exceeded the AA requirements suggested for the dietary proteins [14].”
Background
Dairy structures and physiological responses: a matter of gastric digestion
Mulet-Cabero, A.-I., Mackie, A., Brodkorb, A., & Wilde, P. (2020) · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1707159 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Electric field-driven fabrication of anisotropic hydrogels from plant proteins: Microstructure, gel performance and formation mechanism
Cao, M., Liao, L., Zhang, X., Chen, X., Peng, S., Zou, L., Liang, R., & Liu, W. (2022) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108297 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Myoprotective Whole Foods, Muscle Health and Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review of Observational and Intervention Studies in Older Adults
Granic, A., Dismore, L. L., Hurst, C., Robinson, S. M., & Sayer, A. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082257 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Several recent systematic reviews and opinion articles have provided a comprehensive overview about the importance of protein quantity and quality (animal versus plant) for healthy muscle in older adults and across the lifespan [15,53,54,57].”
Background
Potato Protein Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates at Rest and during Recovery from Exercise in Humans
Pinckaers, P. J., Hendriks, F. K., Hermans, W. J. H., Goessens, J. P. B., Senden, J. M., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Snijders, T., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002937 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The anabolic properties of plant-derived proteins are generally considered to be lower when compared with animalderived proteins (19,20).”
BackgroundInfluential
Higher Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Following Ingestion of an Omnivorous Meal Compared with an Isocaloric and Isonitrogenous Vegan Meal in Healthy, Older Adults
Pinckaers, P. J., Domić, J., Petrick, H. L., Holwerda, A. M., Trommelen, J., Hendriks, F. K., Houben, L. H. P., Goessens, J. P. B., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Senden, J. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Dietary Protein for Training Adaptation and Body Composition Manipulation in Track and Field Athletes
Witard, O. C., Garthe, I., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0267 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Authentication of plant-based protein powders and classification of adulterants as whey, soy protein, and wheat using FT-NIR in tandem with OC-PLS and PLS-DA models
Neves, M. D. G., Poppi, R. J., & Breitkreitz, M. C. (2021) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108489 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Exploring Health-Promoting Attributes of Plant Proteins as a Functional Ingredient for the Food Sector: A Systematic Review of Human Interventional Studies
Lonnie, M., Laurie, I., Myers, M., Horgan, G., Russell, W., & Johnstone, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082291 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Protein quality, nutrition and health
Calvez, J., Azzout‐Marniche, D., & Tomé, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1406618 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The role of dairy foods in lower greenhouse gas emission and higher diet quality dietary patterns
Ridoutt, B. G., Baird, D., & Hendrie, G. A. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02245-w · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence
Nishimura, Y., Højfeldt, G. W., Breen, L., Tetens, I., & Holm, L. (2021) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422421000329 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Several strategies have been proposed by Gorissen and Witard(136) to overcome the perceived inferior anabolic proper-”
Method
A Review of Nutritional Requirements of Adults Aged ≥65 Years in the UK
Dorrington, N., Fallaize, R., Hobbs, D. A., Weech, M., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa153 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging
van der Heijden, I., Monteyne, A. J., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac049 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Amount Rather than Animal vs Plant Protein Intake Is Associated with Skeletal Muscle Mass in Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults: Results from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study
Li, C.-Y., Fang, A.-P., Ma, W.-J., Wu, S.-L., Li, C.-L., Chen, Y.-M., & Zhu, H.-L. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.03.010 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Animal, Plant, Collagen and Blended Dietary Proteins: Effects on Musculoskeletal Outcomes
Deane, C. S., Bass, J. J., Crossland, H., Phillips, B. E., & Atherton, P. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092670 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Most research to date has assessed the effects of animal and plant blends in the context of skeletal muscle health, where the combination may exploit the digestive properties of each protein source, maximising AA availability and potentially extending and augmenting the MPS response [9].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Fighting Sarcopenia in Ageing European Adults: The Importance of the Amount and Source of Dietary Proteins
Rojas, D. M., Nilsson, A. E., Santoro, A., Bazzocchi, A., de Groot, C. P. G. M., Feskens, E. J. M., Berendsen, A. A. M., Madej, D., Kałuża, J., Pietruszka, B., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123601 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“However, several studies examining effects of plant-derived proteins on protein synthesis were based on isolated and generally low digestible plant sources, such as soya and wheat [24,25,51,52,56].”
Background
The Complementary Roles for Plant-Source and Animal-Source Foods in Sustainable Healthy Diets
Comerford, K. B., Miller, G. D., Kapsak, W. R., & Brown, K. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103469 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“These differences are often exemplified with ASFs tending towards higher quantities and bioavailability of protein, branched-chain amino acids, iodine, iron, zinc, vitamin B12, choline, taurine, creatine, and carnosine [4– 6]; and PSFs containing more carbohydrates, (starches, sugars, and fibers), vitamin C, and numer…”
Background
Microbial food from light, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas: Kinetic, stoichiometric and nutritional potential of three purple bacteria
Spanoghe, J., Vermeir, P., & Vlaeminck, S. E. (2021) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125364 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Protein Intake and Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
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BackgroundInfluential
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Food-Based Dietary Guidelines and Protein Quality Definitions—Time to Move Forward and Encompass Mycoprotein?
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Effects of Dietary Protein on Body Composition in Exercising Individuals
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mTORC1-Mediated Satellite Cell Differentiation Is Required for Lysine-Induced Skeletal Muscle Growth
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Authors: Gorissen, S. H. M., & Witard, O. C.
Affiliations: McMaster University (CA)
University of Stirling (GB)
Corresponding author: Gorissen, Stefan H. M.
ORCID: Gorissen, Stefan H. M.
Witard, Oliver C.
Venue: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2017-08-29
Volume: 77
Issue: 1
Pages: 20-31
ISSN: 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
1475-2719
DOI: 10.1017/s002966511700194x
OpenAlex: W2752508997
Cited by: 221
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10
FWCI: 1.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords: muscle protein synthesis, plant proteins, animal protein, older adults, sarcopenia, leucine, essential amino acid profile, protein digestibility, milk protein, meat proteins, physical activity, omega-3 fatty acids, muscle mass preservation
MeSH terms: Meat Proteins, Aged, Aging, Amino Acids, Essential, Humans, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Plant Proteins, Dietary, Muscle, Skeletal, Postprandial Period, Anabolic Agents

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Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults

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