Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ): Scale Development and Psychometric Characteristics
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Despite the popularity of emotion regulation in the contemporary literature, research has almost exclusively focused on only intrapersonal processes, whereas much less attention has been placed in interpersonal emotion regulation processes. In order to encourage research on interpersonal emotion regulation, we present a series of 4 studies to develop the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ). The final scale consists of 20 items with 4 factors containing 5 items each. The 4 factors are: Enhancing Positive Affect; Perspective Taking; Soothing; and Social Modeling. The scale shows excellent psychometric characteristics. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Interpersonal emotion regulation differences, such as relying on others to manage one's emotions, have been found to predict depressive and anxiety symptoms among adults.
“individual differences in interpersonal ER skills, such as becoming dependent on others or social settings to regulate one’s own emotions (e.g., through excessive reassurance or advice seeking)20,26 have been shown to predict depressive and anxiety symptoms in adults.19,27”
From A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
No intervention trials using interpersonal ER measures were located.
“We considered several assessment measures related to expert reviews of interpersonal ER19,20,27,68; however, we were unable to locate any intervention trials that utilized these measures.”
From A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Carpenter, J. K., & Curtiss, J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2016-01-30
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 341-356
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC4864994
- OpenAlex
- W2333998128
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 16.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OpenBU (Boston University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R01AT007257)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- interpersonal emotion regulation, scale development, psychometric properties, perspective taking, soothing, social modeling, interpersonal processes
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