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Cited by 396Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion

Open access
Wadlinger, Heather A., Isaacowitz, Derek M.·2011·Personality and Social Psychology Review
DOI 10.1177/1088868310365565PMC PMC2970710
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Abstract

Empirical studies have frequently linked negative attentional biases with attentional dysfunction and negative moods; however, far less research has focused on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience. The authors argue that attention may be an invaluable tool for promoting emotion regulation. Accordingly, they present evidence that selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation and that regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process. Furthermore, attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice. The authors ultimately propose a model of attention training methodologies integrating attention-dependent emotion regulation strategies with attention networks. Although additional interdisciplinary research is needed to bolster these nascent findings, meditative practices appear to be among the most effective training methodologies in enhancing emotional well-being. Further exploration of the positive and therapeutic qualities of attention warrants the empirical attention of social and personality psychologists.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that selective attention to positive information is an emotion-regulation process and that attentional deployment can be trained to improve emotion regulation. It proposes a model mapping attention-training methods onto Posner and Petersen’s alerting, orienting, and executive control networks, concluding that meditation is especially promising but that the evidence remains preliminary.

Key findings

  • Attentional deployment is an antecedent-focused emotion-regulation strategy; selective attention to positive information can reflect and influence emotion regulation. For example, older adults in a negative mood showed mood-incongruent gaze away from angry and sad faces and toward happy faces, and train-positive participants viewed negative images significantly less after dot-probe training.
  • Attention is plastic and trainable. In one visual search training study, train-acceptance participants completed 5 days of training with 112 trials per session and reported less stress, higher self-esteem, lower cortisol, and higher objective performance evaluations than controls; in another study, the goal condition showed almost three times lower state frustration after training, and better attention to happy faces predicted longer persistence.
  • Clinical auditory attention training reduced symptoms in panic disorder, social phobia, major depression, and hypochondriasis after 2–10 weeks of practice, with non-clinical levels maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up in several studies.
  • Meditative training showed positive emotion-regulation outcomes: MBSR participants had reductions in depression, anxiety, anger, and anger-related rumination and increases in positive affect; medical students in a 10-week MBSR seminar scored 18% lower than baseline on total mood disturbance while matched controls scored 38% higher; novice meditators improved attentional orienting after MBSR, and experienced retreat meditators improved alerting. The paper also cites evidence that a positivity ratio of 2.9 or more positive to negative emotional interactions is optimal, while 11.6 or higher may be aversive.

Methods

  • Narrative/integrative review and theoretical model, not a primary empirical study. It draws on cognitive, experimental, clinical, and meditative literature on attention and emotion regulation.
  • Proposes a model integrating attention-training methods—dot-probe/visual search gaze training, clinical auditory attention training, and concentration, insight, and loving-kindness meditation—with Posner and Petersen’s alerting, orienting, and executive control networks and Gross’s distraction, concentration, and rumination strategies.
  • Tables 1 and 2 summarize empirical attention-training studies and hypothesized links; studies were selected if they included an intervention or experimental manipulation and assessed emotion regulation processes or outcomes.

Limitations

  • Stated: across reviewed attention-training interventions, only small effects have been observed in small sample sizes over brief time intervals; clinical attention-training samples were small (up to 4 per group, except 31 in the Siegle et al. study); not all intervention studies assessed both regulatory processes and outcomes simultaneously; evidence is preliminary and longitudinal training interventions are needed.
  • Stated: challenges include quantifying effective training durations, developing positive attention-training stimuli because positive images are lower in average arousal than negative images, and keeping interventions salient and interesting.
  • Evident from the text: the model’s mappings of training methods to attentional networks and emotion-regulation strategies are described as “educated, mostly a priori, conjectures” requiring empirical support, and causal links between attentional processes and regulation outcomes are not fully established.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1088868310365565

Cites

225 of 225 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 200 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Interpretationnone given

    Selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation.

    “we present evidence that selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process.

    “regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice.

    “attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lutz, Slagter, Dunne, & Davidson, 2008

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    • cites Rueda, Rothbart, Saccomanno, & Posner, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    How successful individuals are at influencing their attentional processes can dictate their subsequent affective experience and behavioral trajectories.

    “How successful individuals are at influencing their attentional processes can dictate their subsequent affective experience and behavioral trajectories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationcitation

    What we attend to can shape our experiences, good or bad.

    “Clearly, what we attend to can shape our experiences, good or bad.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 39
  • May combine two claims. 66

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    People could learn to selectively attend to specific types of information in the service of optimizing their emotional experience.

    “people could learn to selectively attend to specific types of information in the service of optimizing their emotional experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The goal of emotion regulation need not only be to decrease negative emotion and increase positive emotion; one may wish to increase or initiate negative emotion and stop or decrease positive emotion.

    “The goal of emotion regulation need not only be to decrease negative emotion and increase positive emotion; depending on the situation, one may wish to increase or initiate negative emotion and stop or decrease positive emotion”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gross, 1998

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    • cites Tamir, Chiu, & Gross, 2007

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Meditative practices appear to be among the most effective training methodologies in enhancing emotional well-being.

    “meditative practices appear to be among the most effective training methodologies in enhancing emotional well-being”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If attention can be trained, then it may be used to actively guide individuals' emotion regulation processes and downstream behavior, ultimately enhancing subjective well-being.

    “If attention can be trained, then it may be used to actively guide individuals’ emotion regulation processes and downstream behavior, ultimately enhancing subjective well-being.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emotions are adaptive, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies enhancing individuals' physical and social fitness.

    “emotions are viewed as adaptive, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies enhancing individuals’ physical and social fitness”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Keltner & Gross, 1999

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    • cites Barrett, 2006

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emotional response tendencies are malleable, transient, and may be modulated by individuals; they can be regulated.

    “These response tendencies are malleable, transient, and may be modulated by individuals; in others words, they can be regulated”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gross, 1998

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Salient sensory, emotional, and mental information is filtered, processed, and analyzed through various attentional processes, which can be automatically or consciously regulated.

    “Salient sensory, emotional, and mental information is filtered, processed, and analyzed through various attentional processes, which can be automatically or consciously regulated”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Calvo & Nummenmaa, 2007

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antecedent-focused regulatory strategies may be more adaptive than response-focused strategies and may require less resources, time, and energy to initiate because they occur early in the emotion generative process.

    “Antecedent-focused regulatory strategies may be more adaptive than response-focused strategies and may require less resources, time, and energy to initiate because they occur early in the emotion generative process”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Mauss, Bunge, & Gross, 2007a

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    • cites Schutte, Manes, & Malouff, 2009

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Gross identified three primary strategies of attentional deployment: distraction, concentration, and rumination.

    “Gross (1998) has identified three primary strategies of attentional deployment: distraction, concentration, and rumination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gross, 1998

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Different attentional processes may have more or less influence on generating, maintaining, or modifying different emotional responses.

    “Different attentional processes may have more or less influence on generating, maintaining, or modifying different emotional responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Excessive rumination on the positive may also be maladaptive if attentional resources are not appropriately allocated and environmental dangers are overlooked.

    “excessive rumination on the positive may also be maladaptive if attentional resources are not appropriately allocated and environmental dangers are overlooked.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During reappraisal portions of the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC), implicated in selective attention, are activated, as well as portions of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which seem involved in monitoring control processes.

    “during reappraisal portions of the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC), implicated in selective attention, are activated, as well as portions of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which seem involved in monitoring control processes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ochsner & Gross, 2008

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Immediately after training, self-distancing and distraction strategies were most effective at reducing negative affect; at one and seven days after the manipulation, the self-distancing manipulation group was the most buffered (experiencing less negative affect and fewer recurring thoughts).

    “Immediately after the training the self-distancing and distraction strategies were most effective at reducing negative affect; however, at one and seven days after the manipulation, the self-distancing manipulation group was the most buffered (experiencing less negative affect and fewer recurring thoughts).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kross & Ayduk, 2008

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    If attentional deployment is used successfully in conjunction with reappraisal, then these strategies may augment each others' efficiency, thereby reinforcing the likelihood of being enacted as a future strategy-combination.

    “then these strategies may augment each others’ efficiency, thereby reinforcing the likelihood of being enacted as a future strategy-combination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Using distraction as a regulatory strategy may have immediate short-term benefits, but also may have aversive long-term consequences.

    “Using distraction as a regulatory strategy may have immediate short-term benefits, but also may have aversive long-term consequences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals seek out visual stimuli congruent with their goals and avoid incongruent stimuli.

    “individuals seek out visual stimuli congruent with their goals and avoid incongruent stimuli”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Isaacowitz, 2006

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both individuals' motivations and their emotional state can influence their attentional patterns.

    “Both individuals’ motivations and their emotional state can influence their attentional patterns”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tamir & Robinson, 2007

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Optimists and older adults display distinctive gaze patterns away from negative and favoring positive stimuli.

    “optimists and older adults: these groups display distinctive gaze patterns away from negative and favoring positive stimuli”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Isaacowitz, 2005

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    • cites Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006a, 2006b

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Selective attention has evolved as one mechanism through which individuals can filter the plethora of sensory stimuli in their environments at any given moment.

    “Selective attention has evolved as one mechanism through which individuals can filter the plethora of sensory stimuli in their environments at any given moment”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Parkhurst, Law, & Niebur, 2002

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Relative to cognitive reappraisal, using distraction as a regulatory strategy preserves self-control resources and elicits less sympathetic physiological activation and consequences.

    “relative to cognitive reappraisal, using distraction as a regulatory strategy preserves self-control resources (Sheppes & Meiran, 2008) and elicits less sympathetic physiological activation and consequences (Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sheppes & Meiran, 2008

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    • cites Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Links between affect and attention are ultimately bidirectional: while affect clearly impacts attention, regulating attention also influences affect.

    “links between affect and attention are ultimately bidirectional: while affect clearly impacts attention, regulating attention also influences affect.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive emotions make individuals more sensitive towards rewarding stimuli in their environments and the repetition of this preference creates stronger memory-encoding pathways for similar positive stimuli in the future.

    “positive emotions make individuals more sensitive towards rewarding stimuli in their environments and that the repetition of this preference creates stronger memory-encoding pathways for similar positive stimuli in the future”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Goetz, Goetz, and Robinson, 2007

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    • cites Clark & Isen, 1982

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive emotions may enlarge individuals' breadth of attention and increase their attentional flexibility.

    “Positive emotions may also enlarge individual’s breadth of attention (e.g. taking in more of the world around them as well as broadening attentional allocation to internal conceptual space – expanding the “spotlight”: Fenske & Eastwood, 2003; Fredrickson, 1998; Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2008; Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006, cf. Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2008) and increase their attentional flexibility (A”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Fenske & Eastwood, 2003

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    • cites Fredrickson, 1998

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    • cites Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1999

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The experience of positive affect itself may increase individuals' selective attention preferences for positive information and these positive attentional preferences may improve individuals' mood.

    “The experience of positive affect itself may increase individuals’ selective attention preferences for positive information and these positive attentional preferences may improve individuals’ mood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experiencing positive affect initiates an approach tendency, which may in turn lead individuals to be more likely to attend to subsequent positive information.

    “experiencing positive affect initiates an approach tendency, which may in turn lead individuals to be more likely to attend to subsequent positive information”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Carver, 2001

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    • cites Tamir & Robinson, 2007

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    • cites Watson, Wiese, Viadya, & Tellegen, 1999

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Maladaptive attentional biases may exist beyond the period of the actual depressive episode and may heighten vulnerability for future depressive episodes.

    “maladaptive attentional biases may exist beyond the period of the actual depressive episode and may heighten vulnerability for future depressive episodes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals motivated to regulate their emotions attended less to negative images than positive images, and looked less at all stimulus types than the other conditions, suggesting that gaze serves as a mechanism through which individuals can regulate their emotions.

    “Individuals motivated to regulate their emotions attended less to negative images than positive images, and looked less at all stimulus types (negative, positive, neutral) than the other conditions, suggesting that gaze serves as a mechanism through which individuals can regulate their emotions”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Xing & Isaacowitz, 2006

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Young adults may have been using distraction as a regulatory strategy.

    “the young adults may have been using distraction as a regulatory strategy”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gross, 1998

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    These results may reflect a general disengagement of attentional processing from the arousing components of highly relevant, positive stimuli.

    “These results may reflect a general disengagement of attentional processing from the arousing components of highly relevant, positive stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Older adults may be especially likely to use distraction as a regulative strategy.

    “older adults may be especially likely to use distraction as a regulative strategy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The older women also looked less at the most relevant objects in the images and made more frequent saccades around the negative images, with larger distances between saccades than in the other two conditions.

    “The older women also looked less at the most relevant objects in the images and made more frequent saccades around the negative images, with larger distances between saccades than in the other two conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites van Reekum et al., 2007

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Older adults' gaze did not reflect their mood state but rather they used gaze as an active strategy to regulate their mood.

    “older adults’ gaze did not reflect their mood state but rather that they used gaze as an active strategy to regulate their mood”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Older adults use gaze as a regulatory tool to a greater extent than younger adults because it requires less cognitive effort than a number of other regulatory processes.

    “older adults use gaze as a regulatory tool to a greater extent than younger adults because it requires less cognitive effort than a number of other regulatory processes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Isaacowitz et al., 2008

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    • cites Knight, Seymour, Gaunt, Baker, Nesmith, & Mather, 2007

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    • cites Mauss et al., 2007b

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Older adults exhibit an age-related "positivity effect", because they attend more to, and have better memory for, positive relative to neutral or negative information than their younger counterparts.

    “older adults are said to exhibit an age-related “positivity effect”, because they attend more to, and have better memory for, positive relative to neutral or negative information than their younger counterparts”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Carstensen & Mikels, 2005

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    • cites Kennedy, Mather, & Carstensen, 2004

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Feeling good and regulating mood are highly prioritized goals for older adults.

    “Feeling good and regulating mood are highly prioritized goals for older adults”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carstensen, Mikels, & Mather, 2006

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When participants started in a negative mood, younger adults showed mood-congruent gaze patterns towards angry and afraid faces; older adults showed mood-incongruent gaze patterns away from angry and sad faces and towards happy faces.

    “When participants started in a negative mood, younger adults showed mood-congruent gaze patterns towards angry and afraid faces; however, older adults showed mood-incongruent gaze patterns away from angry and sad faces and towards happy faces.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Isaacowitz et al., 2008

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive gaze preferences helped older adults avoid mood declines during the task, but only for those with high-functioning executive control networks.

    “Positive gaze preferences helped older adults avoid mood declines during the task, but only for those with high-functioning executive control networks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Isaacowitz, Toner, and Neupert, 2009

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    If individuals can learn how to use their attention as a regulatory tool, then they may show increased efficacy in regulating their emotions, just as older adults and other individuals possessing positive affective profiles do.

    “If individuals can learn how to use their attention as a regulatory tool, then they may show increased efficacy in regulating their emotions, just as older adults and other individuals possessing positive affective profiles do.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Canadian mail sorters' attentional skills were easily transferable to sorting the US mail because the US zip codes consisted of familiar elements (i.e., numbers); whereas US mail sorters could not effectively sort Canadian mail as Canadian zip codes contained novel elements (i.e., letters).

    “Canadian mail sorters’ attentional skills were easily transferable to sorting the US mail because the US zip codes consisted of familiar elements (i.e., numbers); whereas US mail sorters could not effectively sort Canadian mail as Canadian zip codes contained novel elements (i.e., letters).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polk and Farah, 1995

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Individual differences exist in how malleable some individuals' attentional regulation abilities are, even if training is generally effective.

    “individual differences in how malleable some individuals’ attentional regulation abilities are, even if training is generally effective.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Older adults have more difficulty performing dual tasks, suggesting decline of attentional control skills.

    “Older adults have demonstrated more difficulty in attempting to perform dual tasks, which suggests the decline of attentional control skills (Hartley, 2001; McDowd & Shaw, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hartley, 2001

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    • cites McDowd & Shaw, 2000

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Attentional preferences to negative information can be trained and untrained.

    “attentional preferences to negative information can be trained and untrained (Derryberry & Reed, 2002; MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002; Mathews, Mogg, & Kentish, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Derryberry & Reed, 2002

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    • cites MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002

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    • cites Mathews, Mogg, & Kentish, 1995

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The executive control network resolves conflict among neural systems, facilitates deconstruction of habitual responses, and directs planning, error detection, decision-making, and novel-response formation.

    “The executive control network resolves conflict among different neural systems competing for control, facilitates the deconstruction of habitual responses, and directs planning, error detection, decision-making, and novel-response formation functions (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Posner et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Norman & Shallice, 1986

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    • cites Posner et al., 2006

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The alerting network heightens internal awareness and maintains sufficient neural activation enabling the attention system to make a fast response.

    “The alerting network heightens internal awareness and maintains sufficient neural activation enabling the attention system to make a fast response (Callejas, Lupiàñez, Funes, & Tudela, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Callejas, Lupiàñez, Funes, & Tudela, 2005

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Concentration and insight meditative practices best correspond with the strategy of attentional concentration.

    “Concentration and insight meditative practices best correspond with the strategy of attentional concentration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Training strategies focused on distraction will require the least amount of cognitive effort.

    “The model predicts that training strategies focused on distraction, which use implicit learning tasks to automatically reorient attention, will require the least amount of cognitive effort.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals can be trained to allocate attention toward negative stimuli, and this training results in increased emotional susceptibility to subsequent negative stimuli.

    “Individuals can be trained to allocate their attention toward negative stimuli in their environment and this type of training results in increased emotional susceptibility to subsequent negative stimuli (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites MacLeod et al., 2002

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Successful changes in regulatory outcomes cannot necessarily be inferred from changes in regulation processes, or vice versa.

    “Successful changes in regulatory outcomes cannot necessarily be inferred from changes in regulation processes (or vice versa); therefore future research would need to test these links.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies using dot-probe tasks have shown that attention can be successfully trained towards certain affective information, suggesting that practice with tasks can reduce the influence of negative emotional information or increase the influence of positive emotion information on attention.

    “Studies using these tasks have shown that attention can be successfully trained towards certain affective information, suggesting that practice with tasks can reduce the influence of negative emotional information (or increase the influence of positive emotion information) on attention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a successful dot-probe manipulation, an individual learns to automatically disengage from negative cues and reorient attention consistently toward neutral ones.

    “In a successful manipulation an individual learns to automatically disengage from negative cues and reorient their attention consistently toward neutral ones (Mohlman, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mohlman, 2004

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Strategies combining multiple categories, such as ATT or LKM, likely require a moderate amount of cognitive effort.

    “strategies that combine multiple categories, such as ATT (distraction, concentration) or LKM (rumination, concentration), likely require a moderate amount of cognitive effort.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Trained selective attention to negative information reduces individuals' abilities to successfully regulate their emotions, resulting in heightened sensitivity to negative emotions.

    “Trained selective attention to negative information reduces individuals’ abilities to successfully regulate their emotions, resulting in heightened sensitivity to negative emotions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Looking away from irrelevant negative stimuli may be a distraction strategy that helps individuals effectively maintain a positive or neutral emotional state when presented with negative information.

    “As suggested above, looking away from irrelevant negative stimuli may be a distraction strategy that helps individuals effectively maintain a positive or neutral emotional state when presented with negative information.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior to attention training, there were no significant differences in the quantity of time participants in the two conditions viewed negative images at baseline; however, a significant difference emerged in the amount of time they viewed negative pictures after training.

    “Prior to the attention training, there were no significant differences in the quantity of time participants in the two conditions viewed the negative images at baseline; however, a significant difference emerged in the amount of time they viewed the negative pictures after training.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Train-acceptance participants reported feeling less stressed about an upcoming exam, and after completing the exam they felt less anxious and more competent in their academic abilities.

    “After this period, train-acceptance participants reported feeling less stressed about an upcoming exam, and after completing the exam they felt less anxious and more competent in their academic abilities (Dandeneau et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dandeneau et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GAD participants who received attend-neutral training demonstrated attenuated attentional bias to negative words and less self-rated and clinician-rated anxiety symptoms compared to the attention control condition.

    “GAD participants who received the attend-neutral training demonstrated an attenuated attentional bias to negative (i.e. threatening) words (as assessed by response time bias scores) and demonstrated less self-rated and clinician-rated anxiety symptoms as compared to the attention control condition (Amir et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Amir et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Train-acceptance telemarketers had lower levels of cortisol and received higher objective performance evaluations than their peers in the exposure and control conditions.

    “In addition, they had lower levels of cortisol and received higher objective performance evaluations than their peers in the exposure and control conditions (Dandeneau et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dandeneau et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Train-acceptance telemarketers reported higher self-esteem, lower stress, and higher self-confidence after five consecutive days of training.

    “Train-acceptance participants reported higher self-esteem, lower stress, and higher self-confidence after just five consecutive days of training.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dandeneau et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participants in the train-positive condition viewed the negative images in the second visual stress task significantly less than the baseline task, appearing to have learned a strategy of attentional avoidance toward negative stimuli.

    “Participants in the train-positive condition viewed the negative images in the second visual stress task significantly less than the baseline task, appearing to have learned a strategy of attentional avoidance toward negative stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Preferences toward positive information can be successfully trained and these positive preferences can be effectively generalized to subsequent visual information.

    “These findings suggest that preferences toward positive information can be successfully trained and that these positive preferences can be effectively generalized to subsequent visual information.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Individuals are able to pursue regulatory goals under stressful conditions and selective attention is a successful regulatory strategy.

    “Importantly, this study demonstrated that individuals are able to pursue regulatory goals under stressful conditions and that selective attention is a successful regulatory strategy (Johnson, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Johnson, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Training positive attentional preferences may modify the alerting network and the orienting network.

    “Training positive attentional preferences may modify the alerting network, creating attentional vigilance for positive information, as well as the orienting network, directing selective attentional preferences towards positive information.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Attentional training to positive information may facilitate heightened preference for positive material, thereby promoting avoidance of ensuing negative information.

    “Attentional training to positive information may facilitate heightened preference for positive material; thereby, this process may promote avoidance of ensuing negative information.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Using gaze strategies like 'looking happy' may be both cost-effective and adaptive.

    “therefore, using gaze strategies like “looking happy” may be both cost-effective and adaptive (Allard, Wadlinger, & Isaacowitz, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allard, Wadlinger, & Isaacowitz, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Selective inattention to negative information could be the result of an effortful process such as disengagement of goal-irrelevant cues or thought suppression.

    “Selective inattention to negative information could be the result of an effortful process such as disengagement of goal-irrelevant cues (e.g., negative images that might create a bad mood) or thought suppression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    By repeatedly attending to positive information individuals may be better able to regulate their mood, with positive mood acting as a moderator for its own self-preservation.

    “By repeatedly attending to positive information individuals may be better able to regulate their mood, with positive mood acting as a moderator for its own self-preservation (Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Another mechanism of avoiding negative information may be through mood maintenance.

    “Another mechanism of avoiding negative information may be through mood maintenance (Wegener & Petty, 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wegener & Petty, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Individuals may learn to adaptively take in just the minimal amount of information needed from a negative image to decode its meaning, rather than visually ruminating on its negative details.

    “One final potential mechanism may be that individuals learn to adaptively take in just the minimal amount of information needed from a negative image to decode its meaning, rather than visually ruminating on its negative details.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Clinical ATT training may lead individuals to demonstrate an attentional vigilance for particular auditory sounds within the alerting network.

    “Clinical ATT training may lead individuals to demonstrate an attentional vigilance for particular auditory sounds within the alerting network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These reductions in symptoms emerged after 2-10 weeks of practice and in several studies the non-clinical levels were maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up.

    “These reductions in symptoms emerged after 2–10 weeks of practice and in several studies the non-clinical levels were maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participation in a Vipassana meditation retreat shows a reduction in the reflective dimension of the ruminative responses scale, although reduction in the brooding dimension was not significant.

    “Evidence also has demonstrated that participation in a Vipassana meditation retreat (i.e. insight meditation) show a reduction in the reflective dimension of the ruminative responses scale, although reduction in the brooding dimension was not significant (Chambers, Chuen Yee Lo, & Allen, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chambers, Chuen Yee Lo, & Allen, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The executive control network is required to facilitate the individual's disengagement with distracters and reengagement with attending to and generating a positive emotional state.

    “The executive control network is required to facilitate the individual’s disengagement with distracters and reengagement with attending to and generating a positive emotional state.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Both concentration and insight meditation practices may improve individuals' emotion regulation outcomes, such as increasing their actual levels of well-being.

    “However, the studies outlined below suggest that both of these practices may improve individuals’ emotion regulation outcomes, such as increasing their actual levels of well-being.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participation in these studies was limited to clinical samples and the sample sizes for these studies were small (only up to - 4 per group; with the exception of 31 in the Siegle et al. study).

    “Participation in these studies was limited to clinical samples and the sample sizes for these studies were small (only up to – 4 per group; with the exception of 31 in the Siegle et al. study).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    LKM requires the use of the alerting network to create sustained attention to positive emotion and the orienting network to selectively attend towards this positivity.

    “LKM requires the use of the alerting network to create sustained attention to positive emotion and the orienting network to selectively attend towards this positivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    MBSR likely modifies a number of mechanisms influencing emotion regulation.

    “MBSR likely modifies a number of mechanisms influencing emotion regulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A reduction of negative rumination may partially mediate a causal link between higher levels of mindfulness and the reduction of individuals' levels of anger, verbal aggression and hostility.

    “A recent study has suggested that a reduction of negative rumination may partially mediate a causal link between higher levels of mindfulness and the reduction of individuals’ levels of anger, verbal aggression and hostility (Borders, Earleywine, & Jajodia, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borders, Earleywine, & Jajodia, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Immediately after an eight-week MBSR course, participants showed significant reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms, anger, and anger-related rumination, as well as increases in positive affect, compared to pre-training levels.

    “Immediately after the training, participants in the MBSR course showed significant reductions in emotion regulation outcome measures such as depression and anxiety symptoms, anger, and anger-related rumination, as well as increases in positive affect, compared to pre-training levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Anderson et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MBSR training can lead to brain changes that promote better handling of the negative emotion when experiencing stress and that these changes are durable, lasting even after the intervention has taken place.

    “The authors conclude that MBSR training can lead to brain changes that promote better handling of the negative emotion when experiencing stress and that these changes are durable, lasting even after the intervention has taken place (Davidson et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davidson et al., 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soldiers that had high levels of practice over time also reported higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect than soldiers with low levels of practice.

    “Soldiers that had high levels of practice over time also reported higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect than soldiers with low levels of practice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jha et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soldiers enrolled in an 8-week Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training program that had high levels of practice over time demonstrated increases in working memory capacity relative to those that had low levels of practice over time; the latter showed decreases over time in WMC.

    “Soldiers enrolled in the 8-week training program that had high levels of practice over time demonstrated increases in working memory capacity (WMC) relative to those that had low levels or practice over time; the latter showed decreases over time in WMC.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jha, Stanley, Kiyonaga, Wong, & Gelfand, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Patients with breast and prostate cancer enrolled in an eight-week MBSR program exhibited a reduction in stress level and improved overall quality of life as assessed by a total mood disturbance score.

    “At the end of the study, there was a difference between pre-and-post intervention scores such that individuals exhibited a reduction in stress level and improved overall quality of life as assessed by the outcome of a total mood disturbance score.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carlson et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experienced meditators in a month-long mindfulness retreat demonstrated greater efficiency in conflict monitoring before the retreat than novice meditators, and novice meditators showed significant improvement, relative to the control group, in attentional orienting after their MBSR training.

    “The experienced meditators in the retreat group demonstrated greater efficiency in conflict monitoring before the retreat than the novice group, and the novice meditators showed significant improvement, relative to the control group, in attentional orienting after their MBSR training.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jha et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After the retreat the experienced meditators showed improved alerting abilities as opposed to the control and MBSR groups and that this ability was directly correlated with their prior level of meditative experience.

    “The authors also found that after the retreat the experienced meditators showed improved alerting abilities as opposed to the control and MBSR groups and that this ability was directly correlated with their prior level of meditative experience (Jha et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jha et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These positive emotions in turn facilitated increases in personal resources such as social support, decreased illnesses, increased mindfulness, and increased purpose in life.

    “These positive emotions in turn facilitated increases in personal resources such as social support, decreased illnesses, increased mindfulness, and increased purpose in life.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If attention can be modified or trained in the alerting or orienting networks, relative to the executive control network, these types of training methodologies may be more efficient and may require less effort to acquire.

    “First, just as antecedent-based regulatory strategies may be more effective in modifying emotional experience than response-focused strategies that modify the emotion after it has fully transpired (Gross & John, 2003; Mauss et al., 2007a; Schutte et al., 2009), the current model would lead to the prediction that if attention can be modified or trained in the alerting or orienting networks, rel”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Across all the attention training interventions reviewed, only small effects have been observed in small sample sizes over brief time intervals.

    “It is important to emphasize that across all the attention training interventions reviewed, only small effects have been observed in small sample sizes over brief time intervals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because each of the different training techniques influences distinct attention networks in unique ways, combining strategies may magnify their effect on improving emotion regulation.

    “Another possibility raised by the model is that, because each of the different training techniques influences distinct attention networks in unique ways, combining strategies may magnify their effect on improving emotion regulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    To what degree each network is modified is contingent upon the amount of time an individual has practiced.

    “While meditation seems to have the potential for versatile effects, to what degree each network is modified is contingent upon the amount of time an individual has practiced (Jha et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jha et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although meditative practices take the most cognitive effort to initially enact, they may create the most lasting regulatory outcomes of all the training techniques.

    “Although meditative practices take the most cognitive effort to initially enact, they may create the most lasting regulatory outcomes of all the training techniques.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Training attention may serve as one key to enhancing emotion regulation, which in turn influences not only affect but also downstream behavior.

    “Training attention may serve as one key to enhancing emotion regulation, which in turn influences not only affect but also downstream behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An ideal amount of training time for individuals with clinical disorders is five weeks; however, nonclinical populations may see results in as little as one session of training.

    “It has been suggested that an ideal amount of training time for individuals with clinical disorders is five weeks; however, nonclinical populations may see results in as little as one session of training (Dandeneau et al., 2007; Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dandeneau et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998, 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The optimal attention-based training method available to improve emotion regulation may turn out to be meditative interventions.

    “Although traditionally outside the realm of social-psychological research, the optimal attention-based training method available to improve emotion regulation may turn out to be meditative interventions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Focused attention and open monitoring meditative interventions may most effectively target all three types of attentional networks, thus yielding potentially large downstream effects.

    “These attentional interventions may most effectively target all three types of attentional networks, thus yielding potentially large downstream effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The duration of the training effects is most likely related to the length of the training.

    “The duration of the training effects is most likely related to the length of the training.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Individuals can effectively regulate their emotion through their attentional deployment, and this process can be successfully trained.

    “Individuals can effectively regulate their emotion through their attentional deployment, and this process can be successfully trained.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
96 of 96

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a gap in research on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience.

    “far less research has focused on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Attentional deployment is a relatively nascent field within emotion regulation that warrants further exploration.

    “Attentional deployment was initially chosen as the focus of the current review because it is a relatively nascent field within emotion regulation that seemed to warrant further exploration.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Habitual attention preferences influence individuals' subsequent emotions.

    “These habitual attention preferences may influence individuals’ subsequent emotions.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.

    “According to our model, concentration meditation (e.g., a type of focused attention training such as Shamatha) and insight meditation (e.g., a type of open monitoring training such as Vipassana) both initially require more cognitive effort to enlist as compared to other attentional regulatory processes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Improvements in self-reported emotion regulation outcome measures (e.g., TMD, positive affect) reflect actual emotion regulation.

    “These results indicate students receiving the MBSR training were better able to regulate their emotions during a stressful time as indicated with the significant difference in the TMD, an emotion regulatory outcome measure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The reviewed studies' findings can be generalized to the paper's model of attention training and emotion regulation.

    “The evidence presented in this paper suggests that attentional deployment may be a critical tool for regulating emotion; however it is important to note that this evidence remains preliminary.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A positivity bias appears to promote resilience, and initial evidence suggests that biases for positive stimuli can be induced through training and may have beneficial effects.

    “A positivity bias appears to promote resilience (see Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2011), and initial evidence suggests that biases for positive stimuli can be induced through training and may have beneficial effects (Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008).”

    From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2011

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Schmidt et al. disorder is identified inconsistently

    Minor

    The text describes Schmidt et al. (2009) as studying seasonal affective disorder, but the cited reference identifies its subject as generalized social anxiety disorder.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. Allard, E.S., Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
  2. Beck, A.T., 1996, Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II
  3. Clark, M.S. & Isen, A.M. ( 1982). Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. In A. Hastorf & A. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 73-108). New York: Elsevier.
  4. Derogatis, L., 1977, The SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual 1
  5. Derogatis, L., 1992, The brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures manual-II
  6. Derogatis, L., 1994, SLC-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual for the revised version
  7. Easwaran, E., 1991, Meditation: A simple eight-point program for translating spiritual ideals into daily life. Tomales
  8. Fan, J., 2005, Neuro-Image, 26, 471
  9. Fiske, S.T. ( 1995). Social cognition. In A. Tesser (Ed.), Advanced social psychology (pp. 149-193). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  10. Leckie, M.S., 1979, Symptoms of Stress Inventory
  11. McNair, D.M., 1992, Manual for the profile of mood states
  12. Mohlman, J., 2004, Behavior Therapist, 27, 37
  13. Novaco, R.W., 1975, Anger control: The development of an experimental treatment
  14. Shiffrin, R. M. & Dumais, S. T. (1981). The development of automatism . In J. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 111-140). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  15. Street, L.L. & Barlow, D.H. ( 1994). Anxiety disorders. In L. W. Craighead, W. E. Craighead, A. E. Kazdin, & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Cognitive and behavioral interventions: An empirical approach to mental health problems (pp. 71-87). Boston : Allyn & Bacon.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Wadlinger, H. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M.
Affiliations
Brandeis University (US)
Corresponding author
Isaacowitz, Derek M.
ORCID
Isaacowitz, Derek M.
Venue
Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2010-04-30
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
75-102
ISSN
  • 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-7957
DOI
10.1177/1088868310365565
PMC
PMC2970710
OpenAlex
W2156244855
Semantic Scholar
ff200d76f6bdfd21acf0286610c193e548432208
Cited by
396
References
225
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
FWCI
2.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (R01AG026323)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
attentional bias, emotion regulation, attentional deployment, attention training, attentional networks, meditation, emotional well-being, attentional dysfunction
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Awareness, Defense Mechanisms, Emotions, Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory, Practice, Psychological, Psychometrics, Reinforcement, Psychology, Social Control, Informal, Social Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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