Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
International work-group review of knowledge on sluggish cognitive tempo and consensus renaming to cognitive disengagement syndrome.
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Claims the paper makes
59 of 166 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 3 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Studies of SCT and social skills have yielded mixed results.
“and studies of SCT and social skills have yielded mixed results.23,24,134”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [23] source
The ‘SCT and Internalizing Symptoms’ section reports that children with higher SCT symptoms showed greater social dysfunction. It describes variability across studies in the SCT–internalizing association, but does not say that findings specifically about SCT and social skills were mixed. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [24] source
The Discussion describes a clear, established link between SCT and social or peer problems, rather than mixed findings. The paper examines parent-child interactions, not social skills specifically, so its contrary statement concerns the closely related social/peer-problems literature. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [134] source
The review’s ADHD and comorbidity section discusses variation in reported ADHD–learning-disorder comorbidity, but not mixed findings on sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and social skills. Searches for SCT, sluggish cognitive tempo, and social skills found no passage addressing that relationship in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In children with autism and/or ADHD, SCT scores did not differ significantly across IQ levels from profound-moderate intellectual disability to average intelligence.
“In children with autism and/or ADHD, SCT scores did not differ significantly among children with intellectual quotient (IQ) scores ranging from profound-moderate intellectual disability to average intelligence”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [76] source
The Methods > Participants section says the study excluded children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and required normal intelligence, defined by an IQ above 80 or average-or-better school performance. It therefore did not compare SCT scores across the claimed range from profound-moderate intellectual disability to average intelligence; the Results report no IQ-level comparison. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In an RCT with middle school students, a school-based organization/homework intervention reduced SCT symptoms per parent report but not per adolescent report.
“In an RCT with middle school students, school-based organization/homework intervention reduced SCT symptoms per parent but not adolescent report.147”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [147] source
The Methods (Subjects and Procedures; page unavailable) describe 252 children aged 6–12 recruited through an outpatient ADHD clinic, with parent and teacher ratings and academic testing—not an RCT with middle school students. The Discussion (Limitations and future directions; page unavailable) says the study did not have information on homework completion or organization and recommends adding child self-reports in future studies. It reports no intervention or parent-versus-adolescent treatment effect. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
SCT appears more strongly related to depression than to anxiety.
“SCT appears more strongly related to depression than to anxiety.26,27,104–106”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [26] source
The Discussion says SCT is more closely associated with internalizing than externalizing symptoms, but does not compare depression with anxiety. The Present Study groups depression and anxiety together as a covariate; searches for separate SCT–depression and SCT–anxiety correlations found no passage establishing which relationship is stronger. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [27] source
- cites [104] source
- cites [105] source
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- Premisecitation
Self-reported SCT is linked to poorer self-reported emotion regulation in children and adults.
“Self-reported SCT has been linked to poorer self-reported emotion regulation among children19,24 and adults39,88,89,109,110”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 7 sources checked- cites [19] source
- cites [24] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says SCT is linked to problems in emotion regulation in children, supporting the association attributed to this source. It does not say that either SCT or emotion regulation was self-reported; the Methods describe caregiver-reported SCT. The citation appears with the child studies, not the adult studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [39] source
The Methods > Measure section describes teacher ratings of SCT and academic and social impairment, not self-reports of emotion regulation. The Discussion > Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions section names emotion regulation as a domain for future study. Searches for self-reported SCT and emotion regulation in children and adults found no passage reporting the claimed link; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [88] source
- cites [89] source
The Discussion section ('The Importance of Adolescent Self-Report of SCT'; page unavailable) says other studies have examined self-reported SCT in relation to emotion dysregulation, but it gives no finding about whether emotion regulation was poorer or self-reported. This paper's reported results concern processing speed in adolescents with ADHD, not emotion regulation in children or adults. Searches for the claimed emotion-regulation association found no decisive passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [110] source
- Premisecitation
SCT and somatic complaints appear strongly associated.
“SCT and somatic complaints also appear to be strongly associated.63,80,107,108”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [63] source
- cites [80] source
- cites [107] source
- cites [108] source
The Introduction discusses SCT’s associations with anxiety, depression, and social impairments, but not somatic complaints. Searches for “somatic complaints” and related physical-symptom terms found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
SCT is strongly related to depression in dimensional analyses of children and adults, with meta-analytic correlations of .49 to .50.
“SCT is strongly related to depression in dimensional analyses of both children and adults (meta-analytic rs=.49–.50)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
The Results section, “SCT in Relation to Other Psychopathologies” (page unavailable), reports meta-analytic correlations between SCT and other symptom dimensions in children and adults. The Discussion calls the SCT–depression association strong. The passages in our copy do not give the claimed depression-specific correlations of .49–.50, so those figures cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Inattention, depression, anxiety, somatic complaints, excessive or reduced sleep, cognitive problems, and autism symptoms have been found uniquely associated with SCT as predictors.
“Studies examining potential psychopathology correlates as predictors of SCT have found inattention, depression, anxiety, somatic complaints, excessive or reduced sleep, cognitive problems, and autism symptoms to be uniquely associated with SCT.62–64”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [62] source
The Evaluation section lists SCT, attention, anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints as separate CBCL measures. The Comparison between CBCL and neuropsychological variables section reports an association between SCT and IQ, but no analysis showing that the claimed symptoms uniquely predict SCT; the cited passages do not address sleep or autism symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [63] source
- cites [64] source
The Results (page unavailable) report that inattentive ADHD symptoms were strongly associated with SCT subscales in pediatric brain-tumor survivors. The paper does not establish inattention as a unique predictor of SCT or report the claimed associations with depression, anxiety, somatic complaints, excessive or reduced sleep, cognitive problems, or autism symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
SCT has small but significant associations with a range of externalizing behaviors, with meta-analytic correlations from .21 to .36.
“Studies show small but significant associations between SCT and a range of externalizing behaviors (meta-analytic rs = .21–.36),10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
The Results section on SCT in relation to other psychopathologies reports significant, small-to-medium correlations with measured psychopathology dimensions, including externalizing symptoms. It refers to weighted correlations in Table 5, but the passages available from our copy do not give the claimed .21–.36 range, so that numerical detail cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The association between SCT and depression remains after covarying ADHD symptoms.
“and associations remain when covarying for ADHD symptoms.10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
- Interpretationcitation
SCT and ADHD-IN are empirically distinct constructs.
“SCT and ADHD-IN are empirically distinct and correlated more strongly (meta-analytic rs = .63 and .72 in children and adults, respectively) than SCT and ADHD-HI (meta-analytic rs = .32 and .46 in children and adults, respectively).10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
- Premisecitation
Epidemiological studies find elevated SCT symptoms in 25-40% of youth with ADHD.
“Epidemiological studies demonstrate elevated SCT symptoms among 25–40% of youth with ADHD27,86,103”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] source
- cites [86] source
- cites [103] source
The Current Study describes a school-based study of SCT and internalizing symptoms, while the Discussion says ADHD symptoms were excluded from its models. Searches for the 25–40% figure and for epidemiological estimates of elevated SCT among youth with ADHD found no passage in our copy reporting that prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Associations between SCT and emotion regulation are inconsistent when parent-reported SCT is used.
“though inconsistent associations emerge using parent-reported SCT.27,86,111”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] source
- cites [86] source
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The Introduction (p. 4) describes an association between SCT symptoms and emotion dysregulation, and the behavioral correlations table (p. 28) reports a positive correlation with emotional symptoms. The paper does not characterize associations using parent-reported SCT as inconsistent, and emotional symptoms are not the same measure as emotion regulation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
SCT predicts increases in depressive symptoms in children and adolescents.
“Further, SCT predicts increases in depressive symptoms in children94 and adolescents.95”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [94] source
- cites [95] source
The Discussion (section 4.1, p. 10) describes depression as an internalizing difficulty characteristic of SCT. It does not say that SCT predicts subsequent increases in depressive symptoms in children or adolescents; the predictive models in the Results (p. 9) concern SCT diagnosis, not depression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Across informants, 32-48% of children with elevated SCT ratings also have elevated depression ratings.
“Across informants, 32–48% of children with elevated SCT ratings are also elevated on depression ratings.103”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [103] source
The Discussion reports an association between SCT and depressive symptoms across teacher and child ratings, and the Results report that SCT predicted later depressive symptoms for both informants. Our copy does not report that 32–48% of children with elevated SCT ratings also had elevated depression ratings; the cited results concern symptom associations, not that proportion of children. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Most associations between SCT and externalizing behaviors become nonsignificant or negative after covarying ADHD symptoms.
“though most of these associations become nonsignificant or even negative when symptoms of ADHD are covaried (for reviews, see3,10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Epidemiological studies find elevated SCT symptoms in 46% of adults with ADHD.
“and 46% of adults with ADHD.39”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] source
The Methods > Participants section describes teacher ratings of students in grades 2–5, not adults with ADHD. Searches for “46%” and for elevated SCT symptoms in adults with ADHD found no passage reporting the claimed prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Numerous studies found the association between SCT and global impairment/quality of life remained significant after covarying other psychopathology dimensions.
“Importantly, numerous studies found this association remained significant when covarying other psychopathology dimensions.27,39,80,128,129”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [27] source
- cites [39] source
The Results section reports that SCT remained significantly associated with social and academic impairment after controlling for ADHD inattention, sex, grade, and cohort. This paper reports one study, not numerous studies, and it did not assess global impairment or quality of life or control for other psychopathology dimensions beyond ADHD inattention. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [80] source
- cites [128] source
- cites [129] source
- Premisecitation
In children with autism and/or ADHD, those with above average intelligence had significantly lower SCT scores.
“although children with above average intelligence had significantly lower SCT scores.76”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [76] source
The Methods (Participants; page not provided) require normal intelligence for inclusion but do not compare intelligence levels with SCT scores; they also exclude children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The Results report SCT associations with autistic traits, anxiety and ADHD symptoms, but not significantly lower SCT scores among children with above-average intelligence (searched: intelligence, IQ and above-average intelligence). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Associations between SCT and standardized measures of reading, mathematics, or writing achievement are variable, especially after covarying IQ and/or inattention.
“Associations between SCT and standardized measures of reading, mathematics, or writing achievement are variable, especially after covarying IQ and/or inattention.80,82,134,137–143”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim5 of 10 sources checked- cites [80] source
- cites [82] source
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The Learning disorders section reports variation in ADHD–learning-disorder comorbidity, not associations between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and standardized achievement. Searches for SCT and for achievement associations adjusted for IQ or inattention found no passage addressing the claim in our copy; no page number was available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [137] source
The SCT and Academic Impairment section describes mixed findings for math and reading achievement, and the Results (Group Comparisons of Academic Impairment; page not provided) find no subgroup differences on standardized word-reading, numerical-operations, or spelling scores after controlling for IQ. The paper uses spelling rather than a standardized measure of writing achievement, and its achievement analyses do not directly covary inattention; those parts of the claim are not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [138] source
The Methods (Measures) and Results (Regression Analyses; page unavailable) address SCT, inattention, and social functioning, not standardized reading, mathematics, or writing achievement. Searches for those achievement measures and for analyses covarying IQ or inattention found no passage addressing the claimed variability in academic-achievement associations. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [139] source
The Results (Unique Relationships of SCT and ADHD-IN with Other Symptom and Impairment Factors; page unavailable) report that SCT remained associated with academic impairment after controlling for inattention in mother and teacher ratings, but not father ratings. The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) describe ratings of reading, arithmetic, and writing skills—not standardized achievement tests. The paper does not report the claimed associations with standardized achievement measures or analyses covarying IQ. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [140] source
The Methods section describes an IQ measure, and the Results sections examine attention measures in relation to social problems and withdrawn behavior (page numbers unavailable). Our copy does not address SCT associations with standardized reading, mathematics, or writing achievement, including whether those associations vary after adjusting for IQ or inattention; searches for those outcomes and adjustments found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [141] source
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- Premisecitation
A clinic sample with learning disabilities showed elevated rates of SCT.
“Another study showed that a clinic sample with learning disabilities exhibited elevated rates of SCT.112”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [112] source
The Discussion reports children with clinically elevated SCT. However, the Methods (Participants) and Discussion (Study Strengths and Limitations) describe a community-based school sample, not a clinic sample of children with learning disabilities. The paper therefore does not support the claimed population or elevated rates within it. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
SCT is associated with informant ratings of overall academic impairment in childhood, with a medium pooled effect size of .44.
“SCT is associated with informant ratings of overall academic impairment in childhood, with a medium pooled effect size (overall r = .44).10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
The Results section on functional impairment reports a moderate pooled association between SCT and academic impairment in children and adolescents, within a range of weighted correlations of 0.38–0.44 across global, social, and academic domains. The available passage does not assign 0.44 specifically to overall academic impairment or establish that this estimate is limited to informant ratings. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
SCT is associated with global social impairment, with medium effect sizes in children and adults, pooled correlations of .37 to .38.
“SCT is associated with global social impairment, with overall medium effect sizes in studies of children and adults (pooled rs = .37–.38).10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
- Premisecitation
SCT is uniquely associated with parent-reported sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in youth.
“SCT is uniquely associated with parent-reported sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in youth.40,63,86,117–121”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 8 sources checked- cites [40] source
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The Discussion’s Limitations and Future Directions section mentions sleep-problem severity only as a topic for future assessment. Searches for “parent-reported sleep problems” and “daytime sleepiness” found relevant titles in the References, but no passage reporting the claimed unique associations in youth. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [119] source
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- cites [121] source
- Premisecitation
Meta-analytic results suggest a small but significant correlation between SCT and lower general intellectual ability, with an overall r of .24.
“Meta-analytic results suggest a small but significant correlation between SCT and lower general intellectual ability (overall r = .24).10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
The Results section on neuropsychological and executive functioning reports a significant, relatively small association between SCT symptoms and lower general-intelligence test scores in children and adolescents. It gives a range of weighted correlations (r = 0.19–0.29), not the claimed overall r = .24, and does not establish the same finding across all ages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Several studies report SCT elevations in a significant subset of children with ASD, at 30-49%.
“Several studies have also reported SCT elevations among a significant subset of children with ASD (30–49%).62,113–115”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [62] source
The Discussion’s Table 1 reports sluggish cognitive tempo scores for children with epilepsy and healthy controls, not the proportion of children with ASD who have elevated scores. A search for ASD, sluggish cognitive tempo, and the 30–49% range found no passage addressing that prevalence claim. The epilepsy findings do not establish or contradict a rate in children with ASD. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Interpretationcitation
A conclusion about whether CDS is a transdiagnostic factor, important for ADHD heterogeneity, or its own psychiatric disorder cannot currently be made from existing evidence.
“Although a conclusion regarding these possibilities cannot currently be made based on the existing evidence (see Table 1 limitations of existing research and discussion of diagnostic validity in Becker et al.10)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
- Premisecitation
Among adults with ADHD, SCT symptoms improved with lisdexamfetamine, with moderately large effect sizes largely independent of changes in ADHD symptoms.
“Among adults with ADHD, SCT symptoms improved with lisdexamfetamine, with moderately large effect sizes that are largely independent of changes in ADHD symptoms.153”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [153] source
The Abstract describes an eight-week behavioral treatment study in children aged 6–12. The Introduction mentions mixed findings on pharmacological treatment and SCT, but neither passage addresses lisdexamfetamine in adults, effect sizes, or whether SCT changes were independent of ADHD symptom changes. Searches for those terms found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Side effects of alpha agonists such as guanfacine and clonidine include a high prevalence of somnolence or sedating effects.
“However, side effects of alpha agonists like guanfacine and clonidine include high prevalence of somnolence or sedating effects,168,169”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [168] source
- cites [169] source
The Introduction and Methods discuss modafinil and its side effects, not alpha agonists. Searches for guanfacine, clonidine, somnolence, and sedating effects found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed high prevalence of those effects. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
One recent study suggests SCT is specifically associated with math and reading fluency even after covarying untimed reading and math achievement.
“One recent study suggests that SCT is specifically associated with math and reading fluency even after covarying untimed reading and math achievement,138”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [138] source
The Results (Correlation Analyses and Regression Analyses; pages unavailable) examine SCT in relation to social engagement, asociality, and peer status, not reading or math fluency. A search for untimed reading and math achievement found no passage addressing those outcomes or the claimed adjustment. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A qualitative study found that almost half of parents of children with elevated SCT symptoms had a negative reaction to the SCT term.
“and a qualitative study found almost half of parents of children with elevated SCT symptoms had a negative reaction to the SCT term.34”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes validation of the CCI-2 in Italian adolescents, not a qualitative study of parents’ reactions to the SCT term. Searches for parents’ reactions, negative reactions, and the terminology found no passage reporting the claimed finding or its ‘almost half’ figure. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingnone given
Over the past decade, understanding of SCT has advanced substantially across measurement, correlates, comorbidity, impairment, and intervention domains.
“Major progress has been made over the last decade in advancing our understanding of SCT across the following domains of inquiry: construct measurement and stability; genetic, environmental, pathophysiologic, and neuropsychological correlates; comorbid conditions; functional impairments; and psychosocial and medication interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Psychometric testing has not yet revealed central cognitive deficits underlying SCT.
“Psychometric testing has not yet revealed central cognitive deficits underlying SCT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Despite its name, SCT has not been consistently associated with slow response times or processing speed.
“Despite its current name, SCT has not been consistently associated with slow response times or processing speed.75”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] source
- Premisecitation
SCT is uniquely associated with self-reported task-unrelated thoughts, daydreaming, and rumination, even after controlling for ADHD, depression, and anxiety.
“SCT is uniquely associated with self-report ratings of task-unrelated thoughts, daydreaming, and rumination, even after covarying ADHD, depression, and anxiety.91,92”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Psychophysiology studies suggest that heightened autonomic nervous system reactivity to stress may be associated with SCT.
“These studies suggest that heightened reactivity of the ANS to stress may be associated with SCT.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These comorbidity estimates are likely lower bounds because both studies used parent report of ever receiving a clinician diagnosis.
“Importantly, these are likely lower bound estimates of co-occurrence with SCT, given that both studies used parent report of whether their child had ever received a diagnosis from a clinician.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Across age and imaging modalities, SCT-associated abnormalities appear in the posterior cortex or dorsal attention network.
“Across age and imaging modalities, SCT-associated abnormalities appear within either the posterior cortex or areas belonging to the dorsal attention network, a combination of regions thought to support attention and the association between sensory aspects of the environment and motor responses.98”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [98] source
- Premisecitation
In two large nationally representative surveys, the most common comorbid disorders (≥5% in both) among children with elevated SCT were ADHD, anxiety, autism, depression, language delay, delayed motor skills/coordination, and reading disorder.
“As summarized in Table 3, the most common comorbid disorders (≥5% in both studies) were ADHD, anxiety, autism, depression, language delay, delayed motor skills/coordination, and reading disorder.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
ASD diagnoses are more common among children with elevated parent-reported SCT, at 13-16%.
“Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more common among children with elevated parent-reported SCT (13–16%).27,86”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductcitation
Neither of the two population-based studies directly assessed learning disabilities with standardized academic achievement measures.
“though neither study administered standardized academic achievement measures to assess learning disabilities directly.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In adolescents with and without ADHD, self-reported SCT symptoms were uniquely associated with shorter sleep duration and later sleep onset, but not with sleep efficiency or wake time, according to actigraphy.
“In adolescents with and without ADHD, self-reported SCT symptoms were uniquely associated with shorter sleep duration and later sleep onset, but not sleep efficiency or wake time, per actigraphy.121”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [121] source
- Premisecitation
Rates of learning disabilities were highest among groups with elevations of both SCT and ADHD.
“Rates of learning disabilities were highest among groups with elevations of both SCT and ADHD”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The only study examining SCT and sleep disorder diagnoses found no associations with behavioral or psychophysiological insomnia.
“The only study examining SCT in relation to sleep disorder diagnoses did not find associations with behavioral or psychophysiological insomnia”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [117] source
- Premisecitation
In a population-based sample of children, parent ratings of SCT showed no significant relations with 14 polysomnography indices of sleep.
“No significant relations were found between parent ratings of SCT and 14 polysomnography (PSG) indices of sleep in a population-based sample of children.63”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] source
- Premisecitation
Three studies document an association between SCT and self-reported eveningness preference.
“Three studies document an association between SCT and self-reported eveningness preference.121,125,126”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
No intervention has been developed specifically for individuals with SCT.
“No intervention has been developed specifically for individuals with SCT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In an RCT of children with ADHD and/or dyslexia, atomoxetine improved SCT symptom ratings independently of changes in ADHD symptoms.
“Similarly, atomoxetine improved SCT symptom ratings independent from changes in ADHD symptoms154 in a RCT of children with ADHD and/or dyslexia.155”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [154] source
- cites [155]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Clonidine may exacerbate SCT-related deficits in attentional orienting.
“Further, clonidine may exacerbate SCT-related deficits in attentional orienting.170”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [170] source
- Premiseown data
The project serendipitously identified a set of symptoms that formed a distinct dimension from the symptoms defining ADHD (inattention, hyperactive-impulsive).
“Results of the project serendipitously identified a set of symptoms that formed a distinct dimension from the symptoms that defined ADHD (inattention, hyperactive-impulsive).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Very few studies have investigated whether psychosocial treatments reduce SCT symptoms and/or associated impairments.
“Very few studies have investigated whether psychosocial treatments reduce SCT symptoms and/or associated impairments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Early studies explored new and possibly better symptoms for identifying children with ADHD than those in the DSM of that era.
“Those early studies explored new and possibly better symptoms for the identification of children with ADHD than were included in the DSM of that era.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A pilot open trial found an outpatient behavioral sleep intervention reduced adolescents' SCT symptoms across self, parent, and teacher ratings, with parent and teacher effects maintained at three months.
“A pilot open trial found an outpatient behavioral sleep intervention reduced adolescents’ SCT symptoms across self, parent, and teacher ratings, with parent and teacher effects maintained at three months.148”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [148] source
- Premisecitation
The original term SCT was first used in the mid-1980s in a dissertation by Ronald Neeper at the University of Georgia with Benjamin Lahey and Caryn Carlson.
“The original term, sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), was initially used in the mid-1980s in a dissertation by a graduate student, Ronald Neeper, working at the University of Georgia with Benjamin Lahey and Caryn Carlson.8,171”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A pilot trial found pre-treatment SCT symptoms predicted a less robust response to time out, but not to other treatment domains examined.
“A pilot trial examining SCT in the context of a summer treatment program found pre-treatment SCT symptoms to predict a less robust response to time out, but not response to other treatment domains examined.146”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [146] source
- Interpretationcitation
Methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and atomoxetine may be helpful for SCT symptoms.
“Methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and atomoxetine may be helpful in addressing SCT symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
A limitation of many previous studies is their primary use of untimed measures and measures focused on basic academic skills.
“A limitation of many previous studies is the primary use of untimed measures and those focused on basic academic skills.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Another trial of this intervention found higher pre-intervention SCT scores to be weakly associated with poorer treatment response.
“another trial of this intervention found higher pre-intervention SCT scores to be weakly associated with poorer treatment response.125”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [125] source
- Premisecitation
In controlled ADHD trials, 15-17% reported somnolence with atomoxetine versus 2-4% with placebo.
“with 15–17% reporting somnolence with atomoxetine (versus 2–4% with placebo) in controlled trials in ADHD.156,157”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A naturalistic study of children with ADHD-IN did not find CBCL-defined SCT symptoms to moderate methylphenidate response.
“In contrast, a naturalistic study of children with ADHD-IN did not find CBCL-defined SCT symptoms to moderate methylphenidate response.159”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [159] source
- Premisecitation
A longitudinal study found SCT and ADHD-IN to be differentially associated with poorer reading or math impairment, respectively, in adolescence.
“A longitudinal study found SCT and ADHD-IN to be differentially associated with poorer reading or math impairment, respectively, in adolescence.33”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Available evidence supports a bifurcation of attention syndromes from one primarily involving ADHD-related symptoms to a second involving CDS.
“Available evidence supports the bifurcation of attention syndromes from one of primarily ADHD-related symptoms to a second involving CDS (SCT).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Changing terminology from SCT to CDS before the conceptualization of CDS is settled will benefit research and clinical practice.
- Rests on an assumption: The Work Group's consensus is an appropriate basis for recommending a change in terminology for the field.
- Premisecitation
One randomized controlled trial found a home-school behavioral intervention for children with ADHD reduced SCT symptoms.
“One randomized controlled trial (RCT) found a home-school behavioral intervention for children with ADHD reduced SCT symptoms;124”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [124] source
- May combine two claims. 26
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSCT elevations have been reported in children exposed prenatally to alcohol or maternal smoking, pediatric traumatic brain injury survivors, and youth with spina bifida.
“SCT elevations were reported in children exposed prenatally to alcohol44,45 or maternal smoking,46 pediatric traumatic brain injury survivors,47 and youth with spina bifida.48”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [44] source
- cites [45] source
- cites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [47] source
The Method (Participants and Procedures; page unavailable) describes a longitudinal study of Colorado twins, and the Discussion (Clinical Implications; page unavailable) addresses assessment of SCT in young children. Neither passage reports SCT elevations after prenatal alcohol or maternal-smoking exposure, traumatic brain injury, or spina bifida; searches for those conditions found no matching passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [48] source
Citation 48 is attached to the claim about youth with spina bifida. The Study Objectives and Discussion examine the consistency of SCT ratings in Spanish children, but our copy does not report SCT elevations in youth with spina bifida; a search for “spina bifida” found no relevant passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEvidence indicates SCT increases across development: a meta-analysis found a small significant association with age (r = .11), and two longitudinal studies showed modest increases with age.
“There is some indication that SCT increases across development. A meta-analysis found a small yet significant association between SCT and age (r = .11)10 and two longitudinal studies showed a modest increase in SCT with increasing age.35,36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] source
- cites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [36] source
The Anxiety and depression section says SCT symptoms increase during adolescence, supporting the general developmental point. The Methods > Procedures section says this study used only baseline data, so it does not itself show a longitudinal increase. The meta-analysis and r = .11 are attached to a different citation in the citing sentence, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSCT was more trait-like than state-like across four assessments from kindergarten to 4th grade and across three assessments in 1st grade.
“SCT was more trait- than state-like across four assessments from kindergarten to 4th grade31 and more trait- than state-like across three assessments in the 1st grade.32”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [31] source
In “Sluggish cognitive tempo: the need for global inquiry” (page not provided), Becker discusses SCT symptoms and calls for research into their development and course. Searches for trait-versus-state findings, four assessments from kindergarten to fourth grade, and three assessments in first grade found no passage addressing those claims. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWorking memory was uniquely associated with SCT, while findings for processing speed, inhibition, and IQ were mixed or weak.
“Studies investigating neuropsychological measures found working memory to be uniquely associated with SCT and reported mixed findings or weak associations for processing speed, inhibition, and IQ.65,66”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [65] source
The Methods (Study Outcomes; page unavailable) list memory, processing-speed, attention, and executive-function measures, while the Results (Neurocognitive and Behavioral Outcomes; page unavailable) report impairments in those domains. Neither passage links those measures to sluggish cognitive tempo. Searches for working memory, inhibition, and IQ found no passage establishing the claimed pattern of associations. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [66] source
The Associations of SCT with Intelligence and Academic Achievement section reports a modest but statistically significant association between higher SCT scores and lower estimated IQ in pediatric ALL survivors (r = −.302, p = .007). The paper does not test whether working memory is uniquely associated with SCT or report SCT associations for inhibition or processing speed; the Discussion raises reduced processing speed only as a possibility. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen ADHD-IN is covaried, SCT is either unrelated or negatively related to ADHD-HI.
“SCT is unassociated or negatively associated with ADHD-HI when covarying ADHD-IN10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
In Results, under “SCT in Relation to Other Psychopathologies,” the review says several studies found SCT unassociated or negatively associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity after controlling for ADHD inattention. Its summary says this pattern occurs “often,” whereas the citing sentence states it without that qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSCT is associated with lower income/education, negative family environment, peer victimization, and interpersonal (but not non-interpersonal) trauma exposure.
“A handful of studies investigated associations between SCT and psychosocial adversities, finding SCT to be associated with lower income/education,27,35,39,69 negative family environment,70 peer victimization,71 and interpersonal (but not non-interpersonal) trauma exposure.72”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 7 sources checked- cites [27] source
- cites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [39] source
The citation is attached to the lower income/education part of the sentence. The Results section on SCT and social and academic impairment reports associations with impairment, not family income or parental education; searches for income, parental education, and socioeconomic status found no passage addressing that association. The other adversities are attached to different citations. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [70] source
- cites [71] source
- cites [72] source
Citation 71 is attached to the peer-victimization claim. The Methods describe a simulated peer-rejection task, and the Results (Primary Analyses) associate SCT with physiological reactivity during that task, not with experiencing peer victimization. A search for peer victimization and bullying found no passage addressing that association. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSCT correlates more strongly with ADHD-IN than with ADHD-HI in both children and adults, with meta-analytic correlations of .63 and .72 for ADHD-IN and .32 and .46 for ADHD-HI, respectively.
“SCT and ADHD-IN are empirically distinct and correlated more strongly (meta-analytic rs = .63 and .72 in children and adults, respectively) than SCT and ADHD-HI (meta-analytic rs = .32 and .46 in children and adults, respectively).10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe single study on substance use found greater alcohol use, but not cannabis use, among college students with elevated SCT compared with students with low SCT scores.
“The single study on this topic found that greater alcohol but not cannabis use was reported among college students with elevated SCT compared to students with low SCT scores.116”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [116] source
The Results and Discussion passages concern SCT in Korean preschool children, including emotional symptoms, withdrawal, and somatic complaints. A search of our copy for alcohol, cannabis, substance use, and college students found no passage reporting the claimed comparison between high- and low-SCT college students. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSCT is most strongly associated with shyness, social withdrawal, and loneliness, and these effects remain significant when other psychopathology symptoms are covaried.
“SCT appears most strongly associated with shyness, social withdrawal, and loneliness, and these effects remain significant when other psychopathology symptoms are covaried.80,86,109,119,130–133”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 8 sources checked- cites [80] source
- cites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [119] source
- cites [130] source
- cites [131] source
- cites [132] source
The Results sections examine eveningness and SCT, including analyses that control for comorbidity, but do not examine shyness, social withdrawal, or loneliness. Searches for those social outcomes and for associations after covarying other psychopathology symptoms found no passage addressing the attributed claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [133] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA meta-analysis indicates SCT is associated with significant global impairment and lower quality of life in children and adults, with pooled correlations of .40 to .50.
“A meta-analysis indicates that SCT is associated with significant global impairment and lower quality of life in children and adults (pooled rs = .40–.50).10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] source
The Results section on functional impairment reports significant global impairment in children and adolescents (weighted rs = 0.38–0.44) and adults (r = 0.52). It also reports poorer quality of life in adults, but not children, and does not give a pooled quality-of-life correlation. Thus the claimed pooled range of .40–.50 does not accurately describe all the stated outcomes and populations. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSCT is associated with lower grades and with difficulties in study skills and homework motivation and performance.
“SCT is also associated with lower grades80,135 and difficulties with study skills and homework motivation and performance.129,136”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [80] source
- cites [135] source
- cites [129] source
- cites [136] source
The Discussion reports that SCT was significantly associated with poorer study skills in college students, including affective learning and goal strategies. The Methods describe these measures as covering motivation for school-related tasks, and the Discussion includes use of homework strategies, but the study does not establish a separate association with homework performance. The lower-grades clause has different citations and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn college students and adults, SCT is uniquely related to global sleep problems, shorter sleep duration, and increased daytime sleepiness.
“In college students and adults, SCT is uniquely related to global sleep problems, shorter sleep duration, and increased daytime sleepiness.18,122–124”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [18] source
The Results and Discussion identify a Sleepy/Sluggish SCT factor and examine its relationship with ADHD, but do not report associations with global sleep problems, sleep duration, or measured daytime sleepiness. Searches for those sleep outcomes found no supporting passage in our copy; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [122] source
The Abstract and Current Study and Hypotheses sections describe SCT in young adults with autism and examine ADHD, depression, anxiety, and executive function—not sleep outcomes. Searches for sleep problems, shorter sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and sleep found no passage in our copy reporting the claimed associations; sleep appears only in reference titles. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [123] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says sleep problems have been shown to be correlates of SCT, but this study had no sleep-problem data. It does not establish a unique association in college students or adults, or address shorter sleep duration and increased daytime sleepiness. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [124] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFamilies of children with SCT report wanting at least some parent involvement and a preference for treatment in the school setting.
“Finally, families of children with SCT report wanting at least some degree of parent involvement while also noting a preference for treatment to be provided in the school setting.34”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] source
The Methods and Discussion describe a study of CCI-2 validity and school performance in Italian adolescents, not families’ treatment preferences. Searches for parent involvement and school-based treatment found no passage in our copy addressing either preference; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenMany SCT studies have used limited measures, mono-method, mono-informant, cross-sectional designs, and non-representative or homogeneous samples of school-aged children.
“In particular, many studies have used limited measures of SCT symptoms and a mono-method, mono-informant, cross-sectional design and have been conducted in non-representative or homogenous samples of school-aged children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe SCT neuroimaging literature is preliminary: all but one study used samples of about 20 or fewer participants with SCT symptoms, and studies recruited from ADHD-selected or clinical outpatient samples.
“All existing studies except for one relied on samples of approximately 20 or fewer participants with SCT symptomatology, and because of reporting and analytic differences such as case-control group comparisons without covarying ADHD symptomatology,100,101 this literature is in a nascent state and should be regarded as preliminary.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe term SCT has been criticized as potentially inaccurate, offensive, and pejorative, prompting calls for revised nomenclature.
“Further, the SCT term has been criticized for being potentially inaccurate, offensive, and pejorative,12,13 leading to calls for revised nomenclature that reflects the current science and may be acceptable to researchers, clinicians, parents, and patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTwin studies of SCT found modest heritability (h2 = .28) with three CBCL items, and higher significant heritability (h2 = .55-.66) with 5-7 parent-rated items in two community twin samples.
“Although the first twin study of SCT using just three CBCL items found relatively modest heritability (h2 = .28),41 subsequent examination of parent ratings of 5–7 SCT items in two community samples of twins found significant and higher heritability in both samples (h2 = .55–.66).42”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCDS was judged to best meet criteria for naming a condition: no overlap with established terms, not offensive, and reflecting current science.
“This term was deemed to best satisfy considerations that should apply when selecting terms for a condition or syndrome, as it does not overlap with established terms for other constructs, is not offensive, and reflects the current state of the science.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenCDS (SCT) has reached the threshold of recognition as a distinct syndrome.
“It is evident that CDS (SCT) has reached the threshold of recognition as a distinct syndrome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe Work Group chose cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) as the replacement name for SCT.
“Following repeated discussions on terminology, the Work Group selected cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) to replace “SCT” as the name for this construct.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn two population-based parent-report studies, elevated SCT was associated with higher rates of reading disability (6-14%), specific writing disability (11%), and significant language delay (11-19%).
“Parent reports from two population-based studies suggest that individuals with elevated SCT were more likely to receive diagnoses of reading disability (6–14%), specific writing disability (11%), or significant language delay (11–19%) than individuals without elevated SCT.27,86”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe Work Group agreed to recommend CDS, though it was challenging to find a term that did not overlap with established terms, was not offensive, and reflected the current state of science.
“It should be noted that, although the group agreed to recommend CDS, it was challenging to arrive at a term that was not overlapping with established terms for other constructs, was not offensive, and reflected the current state of the science”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Changing terminology from SCT to CDS before the conceptualization of CDS is settled will benefit research and clinical practice.
- Rests on an assumption: The Work Group's consensus is an appropriate basis for recommending a change in terminology for the field.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn an open-label trial of children with ADHD, SCT symptom ratings improved with methylphenidate, though response varied somewhat by informant.
“SCT symptom ratings improved with methylphenidate in an open-label trial of children with ADHD, although response varied somewhat by informant.152”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [152] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAn RCT of children with ADHD suggested increased SCT Sluggish/Sleepy, but not Daydreaming, scores were linked to methylphenidate non-response and diminished dose-response for inattention symptoms.
“A RCT of children with ADHD suggested increased SCT Sluggish/Sleepy, but not Daydreaming, scores were linked to methylphenidate non-response and diminished dose-response for inattention symptoms.158”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [158] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationSCT may moderate psychotropic medication response in pediatric ADHD.
“Alternatively, SCT may moderate psychotropic medication response in pediatric ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA subsequent open-label trial found higher pre-treatment SCT Daydreaming symptoms and SCT Total symptoms were associated with diminished methylphenidate effects on teacher-rated inattention and total ADHD symptoms, respectively.
“A subsequent open-label trial similarly found higher pre-treatment SCT Daydreaming symptoms and SCT Total symptoms to be associated with diminished methylphenidate effects on teacher-rated inattention and total ADHD symptoms, respectively.152”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [152] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe constellation of symptom dimensions is considered a syndrome because of higher co-occurrence/coherence among its symptoms and inter-relatedness of its dimensions relative to other psychopathologies (internal validity) and unique association/prediction with functional outcomes when covarying other psychopathologies (external validity).
“This constellation of symptom dimensions is considered to be a syndrome because of the higher co-occurrence (inter-correlation) or coherence of these symptoms with each other and inter-relatedness of its dimensions relative to their relationship with symptoms/dimensions of other psychopathologies (ie, internal validity) and unique association and prediction with functional outcomes when covarying”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe term SCT is considered derogatory or demeaning and potentially offensive to patients and their families.
“First, the term is considered derogatory or demeaning and hence potentially offensive to patients and their families.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe Work Group selected cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) as the most appropriate replacement term.
“Following repeated discussions of these terms, Work Group members selected cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) as most appropriate given that it seemed to best satisfy the conditions that should apply in the selection of such terms for a condition or syndrome, as listed in the note in Table 4.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Changing terminology from SCT to CDS before the conceptualization of CDS is settled will benefit research and clinical practice.
- Rests on an assumption: The Work Group's consensus is an appropriate basis for recommending a change in terminology for the field.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe word 'sluggish' can be perceived as derogatory or as implying laziness or low intelligence.
“In particular, “sluggish” can be perceived as derogatory or implying laziness or low intelligence,12,172”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisenone givenMuch more work is needed to clarify CDS's nature, etiologies, demographic factors, relations to other psychopathologies, and linkages to specific domains of functional impairment.
“Still, there is much more work to be done in further clarifying its nature, etiologies, demographic factors, relations to other psychopathologies, and linkages to specific domains of functional impairment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningTo experts in the field, CDS has reached the threshold of recognition as a distinct syndrome.
“To experts in the field, it is evident that CDS has reached the threshold of recognition as a distinct syndrome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Changing terminology from SCT to CDS before the conceptualization of CDS is settled will benefit research and clinical practice.
- Rests on an assumption: The Work Group's consensus is an appropriate basis for recommending a change in terminology for the field.
The paper relies on this without support.
High levels of SCT symptomatology are associated with impaired global, social, academic, and occupational functioning.
“Subsequent research has highlighted the association between high levels of SCT symptomatology and impaired global, social, academic, and occupational functioning.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Changing terminology from SCT to CDS before the conceptualization of CDS is settled will benefit research and clinical practice.
“we believe it is nevertheless time to change the terminology even as empirical evidence continues to accumulate that can inform such possibilities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Work Group's consensus is an appropriate basis for recommending a change in terminology for the field.
“Following repeated discussions of these terms, Work Group members selected cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) as most appropriate given that it seemed to best satisfy the conditions that should apply in the selection of such terms for a condition or syndrome, as listed in the note in Table 4.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Becker et al. highlighted the presence of Emotional Dysregulation profiles in youth with CDS, suggesting it may represent a core clinical feature of the syndrome.
“Becker et al. [4] highlighted the presence of Emotional Dysregulation profiles in youth with CDS, suggesting it may represent a core clinical feature of the syndrome.”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
In Results and Discussion, under “SCT and Comorbidity—Emotion” (page unavailable), the paper reports a link between self-reported SCT and poorer self-reported emotion regulation in children, while noting inconsistent associations with parent-reported SCT. It calls for further research rather than suggesting that emotional dysregulation is a core clinical feature. Its proposed CDS definition describes cognitive and motor symptoms, not an emotional-dysregulation profile. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCDS and ED are transdiagnostic and share associations with both internalizing and externalizing disorders.
“The growing interest in investigating these two phenotypes together arises from their transdiagnostic nature and their shared associations with both internalizing and externalizing disorders [4,8].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The “SCT and Comorbidity” section reports associations of CDS (formerly SCT) with depression and anxiety, as well as small associations with externalizing behaviors; it notes that most externalizing associations become nonsignificant or negative after accounting for ADHD symptoms. The terminology discussion describes CDS’s transdiagnostic status as a possibility that cannot yet be concluded. The paper does not establish the claimed shared pattern for ED (emotion dysregulation). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCDS is associated with significant deficits in academic performance, social interactions, and overall adaptive functioning across both youth and adulthood.
“These impairments contribute to significant deficits in academic performance, social interactions, and overall adaptive functioning across both youth and adulthood [1,4].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Functional Outcomes and Impairment section (page not provided) reports associations with academic impairment in childhood and with social and global impairment in both children and adults. It also describes functional difficulties in adulthood, but does not establish academic-performance deficits across adulthood. The paper reports associations rather than showing that CDS causes these deficits, as the citing sentence’s “contribute to” suggests. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is well-documented comorbidity between CDS, internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, and ADHD.
“Given the well-documented comorbidity between CDS, internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, and ADHD [4]”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The paper’s “SCT and Comorbidity” section reports co-occurrence with ADHD and anxiety or depression. It also reports small associations with externalizing behaviors, but not established comorbidity with externalizing disorders; most of those associations become nonsignificant or negative after accounting for ADHD symptoms. The claim overstates that part of the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTo date, no intervention has been specifically designed for individuals with CDS.
“To date, no intervention has been specifically designed for individuals with CDS [4].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
CDS might be associated with lower ER skills both in children and adults.
“Findings suggest that CDS might be associated with lower ER skills both in children and adults [4].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Only a limited number of studies have explored the effectiveness of interventions in reducing symptoms related to CDS and its associated impairments.
“given that only a limited number of studies have explored the effectiveness of interventions in reducing symptoms related to CDS and its associated impairments [4,77].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Empirical evidence indicates a significant association between ED and CDS.
“Furthermore, empirical evidence indicates a significant association between ED and CDS, underscoring the need for further research into the etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying their co-occurrence [4].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
CDS symptoms uniquely predict internalizing symptoms and social withdrawal beyond ADHD symptoms.
“CDS symptoms uniquely predict internalizing symptoms and social withdrawal over and beyond ADHD symptomology”
Compared with individuals with ADHD without CDS and typically developing populations, those with CDS have not consistently shown slower processing speed.
“However, when compared with both individuals with ADHD who do not exhibit CDS as well as typically developing populations, those with CDS have not consistently demonstrated a slower processing speed [1, 12, 13]”
CDS is distinct from ADHD, as shown by different structures, phenomenology, neuropsychological profiles, and correlates.
“Still, research has shown that CDS is unique from ADHD, as evidenced by many studies documenting different structures and phenomenology [2, 10, 11], neuropsychological profiles [10, 12-14], and correlates”
Medications targeting ADHD hallmark symptoms, neuropsychological correlates, and neurobiological correlates may still be beneficial for CDS given high co-occurrence and overlapping profiles.
“Importantly, however, medications that target the hallmark symptoms, neuropsychological correlates, and neurobiological correlates of ADHD may still be beneficial given the high co-occurrence and some research indicating overlapping neuropsychological and neurobiological profiles [1, 12].”
The lack of a strong and consistent association between CDS and slowed processing speed was one reason for changing the terminology from sluggish cognitive tempo to CDS, along with the derogatory connotation of "sluggish."
“This lack of strong and consistent association was one impetus for changing the terminology from sluggish cognitive tempo to CDS, in addition to the derogatory connotation carried by the word “sluggish” [1, 41, 42].”
The generalizability of the methylphenidate trial findings is questionable because many individuals with ADHD and higher CDS symptoms have ADHD-I.
“This is particularly important when evaluating and questioning the generalizability of these findings given that many individuals with ADHD who have higher rates of CDS symptoms have been diagnosed with ADHD-I [1].”
Ludwig et al. may not have observed a moderating effect because of its limited and potentially less sensitive or comprehensive CDS measure, particularly since the other two studies captured two possible CDS dimensions.
“Thus, Ludwig et al. [58] may not have observed a moderating effect of CDS because of its limited and potentially less sensitive or comprehensive measure of CDS, particularly given that the two other studies both had measures that captured two possible CDS dimensions [51, 57]”
CDS and anxiety/depression share symptoms such as lethargy and alertness difficulties.
“overlapping symptoms (e.g., lethargy, difficulties with alertness) [1, 2, 6, 10-12, 15, 16]”
People with CDS have a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression.
“higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in individuals experiencing CDS [1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16]”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1177/1087054716659361
MajorThe cited work was retracted on 2017-02-17 (notice 10.1177/1087054717695433), before this paper was published (2023-06). Its authors could have known.
Cited work 10.1177/1087054716659361 · retracted 2017-02-17 · notice 10.1177/1087054717695433 · this paper published 2023-06
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Jung, S.-H., Lee, S., Burns, G. L., & Becker, S. P. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09821-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain structure and function in school-aged children with sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms
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Sluggish cognitive tempo and speed of performance
Wood, W. L. M., Potts, H. E., Lewandowski, L. J., & Lovett, B. J. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716666322 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Self-citationSluggish Cognitive Tempo, Internalizing Symptoms, and Executive Function in Adults With ADHD
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Sluggish cognitive tempo: an examination of clinical correlates for adults with autism
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Validity of sluggish cognitive tempo in Turkish children and adolescents
Başay, Ö., Çiftçi, E., Becker, S. P., & Burns, G. L. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01110-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSluggish cognitive tempo and exposure to interpersonal trauma in children
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Viloxazine: Pediatric First Approval
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Neuro-physiological correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms in school-aged children
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Eveningness diurnal preference: putting the "sluggish" in sluggish cognitive tempo
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Self-citationAssociations between sleep, daytime sleepiness and functional outcomes in adolescents with ADHD
Loram, G., Silk, T. J., Ling, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Hyde, C. E., McGillivray, J., & Sciberras, E. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Becker, S. P., & McQuade, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00651-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Sluggish cognitive tempo in a child and adolescent clinical outpatient setting
CAMPRODON-ROSANAS, E., BATLLE, S., ESTRADA-PRAT, X., ACEÑA-DÍAZ, M., PETRIZAN-ALEMAN, A., PUJALS, E., MARTIN-LÓPEZ, L. M., PÉREZ-SOLÁ, V., & RIBAS-FITÓ, N. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000177 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cook, N. E., Braaten, E. B., Vuijk, P. J., Lee, B. A., Samkavitz, A. R., Doyle, A. E., & Surman, C. B. H. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00904-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mayes, S. D., Kallus, R., Bangert, L. R., Fosco, W. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1970735 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Self-citationSluggish cognitive tempo and impairment: the role of lifestyle factors
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Sluggish cognitive tempo: the need for global inquiry
Becker, S. P. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20639 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSluggish cognitive tempo in children with traumatic brain injuries
Mahdavi, S., Hasper, E., & Donders, J. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2019.1674653 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Differential diagnosis of sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in college students
Lovett, B. J., Wood, W. L. M., & Lewandowski, L. J. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719896856 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Self-citationBecker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., Tamm, L., & Willoughby, M. T. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00728-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Self-citationADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo: comparing executive functioning response patterns
Collado-Valero, J., Navarro-Soria, I., Delgado-Domenech, B., Real-Fernández, M., Costa-López, B., Mazón-Esquiva, I., & Lavigne-Cerván, R. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131910506 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Sluggish cognitive tempo: investigating associated daytime and nighttime impairments
Markovich-Pilon, A. N., Corkum, P. V., & Joyce, A. M. (2017) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2017.25.3.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Sorted by citations
Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., Becker, S. P., Bölte, S., Castellanos, F. X., Franke, B., Newcorn, J. H., Nigg, J. T., Rohde, L. A., & Simonoff, E. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13696 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationCortese, S., Bellgrove, M. A., Brikell, I., Franke, B., Goodman, D. W., Hartman, C. A., Larsson, H., LEVIN, F. R., Ostinelli, E. G., Parlatini, V., et al. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21374 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Fredrick, J. W., & Becker, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221114602 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationFredrick, J. W., & Becker, S. P. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00411-6 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationDefining brain fog across medical conditions
Denno, P., Zhao, S., Masud Husain, B., & Hampshire, A. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2025.01.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Mohammadian, Y., Ghasemi, M., Bahmani, L. S., Piri, N., Brühl, A., Becker, S. P., Burns, G., & Brand, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216346 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationAcademic functioning in children with and without sluggish cognitive tempo
Becker, S. P., Epstein, J. N., Burns, G. L., Mossing, K. W., Schmitt, A. P., Fershtman, C. E. M., Vaughn, A. J., Zoromski, A. K., Peugh, J., Simon, J. O., et al. (2022) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.10.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationFredrick, J. W., Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00923-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationKaçmaz, C., Çelik, O. T., Sağlam, M., Kay, M. A., & Inci, R. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01164-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In addition, twin studies indicate that genetic factors have a role in the development of CDS, yet there is also evidence to suggest that environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco are influential (Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialIndividualized prediction models in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-regression
de Pablo, G. S., Iniesta, R., Bellato, A., Caye, A., Dobrosavljevic, M., Parlatini, V., Garcia‐Argibay, M., Li, L., Cabras, A., Ali, M. H., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02606-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“CDS is an emerging condition -as opposed to a transdiagnostic phenomenon-in the fi eld of child, adolescent and adult psychiatry [121, 122].”
Neurocognition in children with cognitive disengagement syndrome: accurate but slow
Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., Peugh, J. L., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2185215 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Taken together with evidence that CDS is associated with poorer academic and social functioning as well as increased internalizing symptomatology (Becker et al., 2016, 2022), it appears CDS is an important clinical construct.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBecker, S. P., Vaughn, A. J., Zoromski, A. K., Burns, G. L., Mikami, A. Y., Fredrick, J. W., Epstein, J. N., Peugh, J., & Tamm, L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2301771 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Fifth, our analyses examine CDS in relation to peer functioning above and beyond both ADHD-IN and internalizing symptoms given that both of these psycho-pathology dimensions are highly correlated with both CDS symptoms and social withdrawal (Becker et al., 2023; Rubin et al., 2009).”
Self-citationBurns, G. L., Moreno, J. J. M., Becker, S. P., & Servera, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2272944 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“These findings too align with previous research (Becker et al., 2016, 2023), providing additional support in a nationally representative sample of youth spanning ages 5 to 16 for the bifurcation of CDS and ADHD-IN as The means were 14.90 ( SD = 12.20), 15.66 ( SD = 12.57), and 17.36 ( SD = 13.60)…”
InfluentialSelf-citationBurns, G. L., Becker, S. P., Moreno, J. J. M., & Servera, M. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationFredrick, J. W., Jacobson, L. A., Peterson, R. K., & Becker, S. P. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2256052 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Factor analytic studies demonstrated that CDS symptoms in children and adolescents are empirically separate from anxiety, depression, and daytime sleepiness (Becker et al., 2023).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationWiggs, K. K., Froehlich, T. E., & Becker, S. P. (2023) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-023-00999-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPetruzzelli, M. G., Matera, E., Margari, L., Marzulli, L., Gabellone, A., Cotugno, C., Annecchini, F., & Cortese, S. (2025) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2599856 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bahmani, D. S., Parhoon, H., Esmaeili, M., Parhoon, K., Bahmani, L. S., Khazaie, H., Becker, S. P., Burns, G., & Brand, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12144607 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In recent years, a growing body of research has focused on cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), formerly sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), which refers to a set of attentional symptoms that includes daydreaming, staring, mental fogginess/confusion, and slowed behavior/thinking [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWiggs, K. K., Thornton, K., Dunn, N. C., Mitchell, J. T., Fredrick, J. W., Smith, Z. R., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241290182 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“As research on CDS has grown, there has been growing interest in identifying evidence-based treatments for CDS among individuals with and without ADHD (Barkley, 2014; Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationYücens, B., Başay, Ö., Büber, A., Tümkaya, S., Başay, B. K., Erdem, B., Becker, S. P., & Burns, G. L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23678 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“CDS symptoms have also found to associate with increased levels of anxiety and depression; however, it is important to note that CDS symptoms are also distinct from depression and anxiety symptoms (Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Fernández‐Mendoza, J., & Calhoun, S. L. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01565-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationGül, A., & Gül, H. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104557 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ayearst, L. E., Brancaccio, R., & Weiss, M. D. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121728 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“As a result, individuals with ADHD who primarily experience attention problems, such as girls, patients with “Cogni-tive Disengagement Syndrome” (previously known as “Sluggish Cognitive Tempo”; [3,4]), or older adults (>55 years) [5,6] tend to be underdiagnosed.”
BackgroundComparing Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Growth in Youth With and Without Spina Bifida
Darow, E. L., Flax, M., Clark, O. E., Holmbeck, G. N., & Smith, Z. R. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsad038 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationKhazaie, H., Najafi, F., Chehri, A., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., Moradinazar, M., Zakiei, A., Pasdar, Y., Brühl, A. B., Brand, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12082821 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bahmani, D. S., Eisenhut, L., Mikoteit, T., Helfenstein, N., Brühl, A. B., Dürsteler, K. M., Bizimana, J.-M., Becker, S. P., & Brand, S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14145165 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Based on previous studies [1,2,9,21,36,59], we assumed that higher scores for CDS at both time points (early adulthood and childhood) were associated with higher scores for depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia at the specific time points studied, and data did confirm this assumption.”
InfluentialSelf-citationBahmani, D. S., Eisenhut, L., Mikoteit, T., Helfenstein, N., Brühl, A. B., Dürsteler, K. M., Becker, S. P., & Brand, S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14072362 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) refers to a set of attentional symptoms that includes daydreaming, staring, mental fogginess/confusion, slowed behavior/thinking, and hypoactivity [13,14].”
Self-citationJakobsson Støre, S., Van Zalk, N., Granander Schwartz, W., Nilsson, V., & Tillfors, M. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241247448 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Of note, there has been a recent shift in terminology, where SCT has been replaced with Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (Becker et al., 2023).”
BackgroundWiggs, K. K., Fredrick, J. W., Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Simon, J. O., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationHerreras, E. B., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Marín, F. A. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010058 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“SCT is a distinct syndrome [4], although much work and research remain to clarify various aspects, such as its nature. with others that also consider self-regulation as the core deficit of ADHD [46].”
BackgroundBurns, G. L., Becker, S. P., Montaño, J. J., Sáez, B., & Servera, M. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251344719 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…symptoms may be a more central aspect of the profile of children with CDS than among children with ADHD, especially at the earlier ages, which aligns with a larger body of research using samples with narrower age spans than in the current study (for reviews, see Becker, 2025; Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBecker, S. P., Braimah, A., Dudley, J. A., Tamm, L., & Epstein, J. N. (2024) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.09.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“24 At its core, CDS involves disengagement or decoupling of attention from the external context, 1 including empirical links to frequent day-dreaming 12,13 and rumination, 13,25 making the possibility of disrupted connectivity between the DMN and ventral attention network of particular interest.”
InfluentialSelf-citationErgül, B., & Alan, B. E. (2024) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13535 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Some psychological (e.g., emotion regulation, social impairment) and psychiatric (internalizing disorders) risk factors in NSSI are frequently seen in CDS (Becker et al., 2014; Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialInci Izmir, S. B., Aktan, Z. D., & Ercan, E. S. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241267379 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In addition, previous studies showed that CDS is not associated with impairment in EF (Becker et al., 2023; Willcutt et al., 2014).”
InfluentialThornton, K., Wiggs, K. K., Epstein, J. N., Tamm, L., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02556-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCano-Crespo, A., Moreno-García, I., Servera, M., & Morales-Ortiz, M. (2024) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2024.26 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“CDS, previously known as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) (Becker et al., 2022; Fredrick & Becker, 2022, 2023), is characterized by excessive lethargy, drowsiness and mental fog (Becker, 2021; Becker & Barkley, 2018; Becker et al., 2022).”
Self-citationLuedke, J., Vargas, G., Jashar, D., Morrow, A. K., Malone, L., & Ng, R. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2252967 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In line with recommendations from the working group report on SCT (Becker et al., 2022), the previously known SCT Scale and subscales (Penny et al., 2009) will be referred to as the CDS Scale throughout the results and our discussion below.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWong, S., Fabiano, N., Luu, B., Seo, C., Gupta, A., Kim, H. K., Shorr, R., Jones, B. D. M., Mak, M. S. B., & Husain, M. I. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.09.027 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dyk, T. R. V., Simmons, D. M., Duraccio, K. M., Becker, S. P., & Byars, K. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11232 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Because an international work group recently recommended a change in terminology from “ sluggish cognitive tempo ” to CDS, 35 we use the CDS term hereafter.”
Self-citationTahıllıoğlu, A., Bılaç, Ö., Erbaş, S., Sevin, İ. B., Aydınlıoğlu, H. M., & Ercan, E. S. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2323647 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Horne, G., & Swettenham, L. D. (2024) · Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports · doi:10.1123/jege.2024-0017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome and Child Sleep Problems in ADHD, Anxiety and Depression
Cano-Crespo, A., García, I. M., Servera, M., & Ortíz, M. M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11142022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT), currently known as Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) [1–3], includes a set of symptoms characterised by excessive drowsiness, lethargy and mental confusion [1,4,5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive disengagement syndrome in pediatric spina bifida
Simpson, T. S., Leopold, D. R., Wilson, P. E., & Peterson, R. L. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2181944 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…mounting interest in a construct called sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), a term that was recently revised to cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS; Becker et al., 2022), which may help to describe some of the attention impairments in SBM-H, but to date, only one published manuscript has…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSluggish Cognitive Tempo Self Report Scale (SCT-SR): Development and Initial Validation Study
Gözpınar, N., Çakıroğlu, S., & Görmez, V. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231153879 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, as stated in the report of the SCT working group published in August 2022 (Becker et al., 2022), which is not included in CABI and CCI-2, new items have been added to SCT to question the most specific cognitive domain, cognitive disengagement.”
MethodWiggs, K. K., Thornton, K., Fredrick, J. W., Cusick, C. N., Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231154905 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationScaini, S., Medda, E., Battaglia, M., De Giuli, G., Stazi, M. A., D’Ippolito, C., & Fagnani, C. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01029-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Belinati, G., de Moura, M. A., Becker, S. P., & Burns, G. L. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01789-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationGreen, C., Martinez, A. C., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01226-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“As research on CDS has advanced, there is a clear need for additional studies to examine possible underlying causes and associations of CDS (Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationÖzyurt, G., Tanıgör, E. K., Buran, B. Ş., Öztürk, Y., Tufan, A. E., & Akay, A. P. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2358239 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Internalizing and externalizing disorders, depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints may be related with CDS (Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialKrone, B., Adler, L. A., Anbarasan, D., Leon, T., Gallagher, R., Patel, P., Faraone, S. V., & Newcorn, J. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2023.1188901 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Psychopathology and mind wandering in young university students
Gionet, S., Arseneau, J., & Plourde, V. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.075 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Godoy, V. P., Serpa, A. L. D. O., Fonseca, R. P., & Malloy‐Diniz, L. F. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231153948 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The SCT was strongly related to a disengagement from external stimuli (Becker et al., 2022) at the same time that there is a significantly higher propensity for task-unrelated thoughts (Mind Wandering).”
BackgroundTahıllıoğlu, A., Çelik, D., Huseynova, S., Satar, A., & Ercan, E. S. (2023) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2023.2170485 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A very recent approach by an international work group on SCT suggests the term ‘ cognitive disengagement syndrome ’ to replace ‘ SCT ’ as the name for this construct (Becker et al. 2022).”
Yıldırım, S. (2023) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2023.00225 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Predicting ADHD Symptoms Using Smartphone Sensing Data
Ware, S., Knouse, L. E., Draz, I., & Enikeeva, A. (2022) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3544793.3563430 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In addition, symptoms of cognitive disengagement currently described as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) [4] form a distinct but related set of symptoms.”
BackgroundMayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Kallus, R., Baweja, R., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-024-10145-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“No study has yet directly assessed comorbidity prevalence rates in all participants, which the CDS Work Group stated is especially needed (Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationWiggs, K. K., Cook, T. E., Lodhawala, I., Cleary, E. N., Yolton, K. A., & Becker, S. P. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02667-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, Z., Xu, H., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, A., Yu, L., Hu, S., Yang, K., Yang, Q., Cui, Y., et al. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02540-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In a study by Becker et al. in 2023, it was mentioned that CDS symptoms can be classified into two groups: cognitive symptoms (daydreaming, mental confusion) and motor symptoms (hypoactivity) [6].”
InfluentialYılmaz, Y., & Bahadır, E. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology: Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2024.2385444 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“CDS (formerly known as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)) includes a series of behavioral symptoms such as excessive day-dreaming, mental confusion and fogginess, getting lost in thoughts, slow behavior, and thinking (Becker et al., 2023).”
Sevinçok, D., Özaydın, Y., Özgür, B. G., Özbek, M. M., Aksu, H., & Sevinçok, L. (2024) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045241257019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Several studies have identi fi ed cognitive and behavioral dimensions in CDS (Becker, 2021; Becker et al., 2022; Burns et al., 2023; Lee et al., 2014).”
Clinical and neurophysiological manifestations of sluggish cognitive tempo in children
Chutko, L. S., Yakovenko, E. A., Surushkina, S. Y., Анисимова, Т. И., Cherednichenko, D. V., Didur, М. D., & Александровна, Ч. С. (2024) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2024124051120 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Francesco, S. D., Amico, C., Giuli, G. D., Giani, L., Fagnani, C., Medda, E., & Scaini, S. (2024) · Journal of Translational Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.20517/jtgg.2023.51 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Khalid, E., VanLandingham, H. B., Basurto, K. S., Nili, A. N., Gonzalez, C., Guilfoyle, J. L., Ovsiew, G. P., Durkin, N. M., Ulrich, D. M., Resch, Z. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231218945 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…in the domains of social, academic, household, employment, and general executive functioning after accounting for ADHD symptoms (Barkley, 2012; Becker et al., 2023; Flannery et al., 2016; Lunsford-Avery et al., 2021; J. N. Smith & Suhr, 2021; Wood, Lewandowski et al., 2017; Wood, Potts et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialİzmir, S. B. İ., AKTAN, Z. D., & Ercan, E. S. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2023.2291448 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…distinct from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) inattentive type and independently associated with internalizing psychopathologies, such as anxiety disorders, and depression, and domains of psychosocial impairment across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (Becker et al., 2022).”
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102250 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationKrone, B., Bedard, A., Schulz, K. P., Ivanov, I., Stein, M. A., & Newcorn, J. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2023.1208660 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cerny, B. M., Reynolds, T. P., Chang, F., Scimeca, L. M., Phillips, M. S., Buckley, C. M. O., Leib, S. I., Resch, Z. J., Pliskin, N. H., & Soble, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221136216 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…factor structure is most commonly seen in extant research, select previous studies support a 2- or 3-factor structure for the BAARS-IV SCT scale, and subfactors have demonstrated differential associations with neuropsychological functioning (Barkley, 2013; Becker et al., 2022; Smith & Suhr, 2021).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBoccaccio, F. M., Klip, H., Vollebregt, M. A., Pieters, S., Rizzo, R., Pirrone, C., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03058-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bahmani, D. S., Eisenhut, L., Mikoteit, T., Helfenstein, N., Brühl, A. B., Dürsteler, K. M., & Brand, S. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251355005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Knouse, L. E., & Becker, S. P. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106531 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationApaydın, Z. K., Kaşak, M., Karakaya, Ö., Öğütlü, H., Ugurlu, M. M., & McNicholas, F. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251323029 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS), formerly known as sluggish cognitive tempo (Becker et al., 2023), is characterized by daydreaming, low energy, slow movement, and slow thinking (Barkley, 2014; Becker, 2013).”
Kaçmaz, C., Çelik, O. T., & Tunç, Y. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07577-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mayes, S. D., Becker, S. P., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01281-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“CDS has two core components: cognitive disengagement and hypoactivity (Becker et al., 2023; Mayes et al., 2023a).”
InfluentialSelf-citationExamining Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome in Relation to Social Problem Solving in Young Adults
Miller, M. C., Shapiro, S. K., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241247176 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“CDS is also related to poorer functioning across numer ous domains, including internalizing symptoms and inter personal problems (Becker et al., 2023; Becker, Leopold, et al., 2016; Lovett et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCano-Crespo, A., Moreno-García, I., Servera, M., & Morales-Ortiz, M. (2024) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.587461 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) (Becker et al., 2022; Fredrick & Becker, 2022a, 2022b), previously referred to as Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT), refers to a cluster of symptoms characterised by excessive lethargy, mental confusion, and drowsiness (Becker, 2021; Becker et al., 2022;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive impairment in children with organic asthenic disorder
Chutko, L. S., Surushkina, S. Y., Yakovenko, E. A., Анисимова, Т. И., Cherednichenko, D. V., Didur, М. D., & Александровна, Ч. С. (2023) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202312309292 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Narzisi, A., Barbetti, F., Fabbri‐Destro, M., Berloffa, S., Fantozzi, P., Viglione, V., Muccio, R., Valente, E., Accorinti, I., Foti, E., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1765698 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Recent models emphasize transdiagnostic dimensions, shared neurocognitive liabilities, and the dynamic interaction between cognitive control, emotional regulation, and environmental demands (60, 61).”
Miller, M. C., Baron, O., Epstein, J., Tamm, L., Nyquist, A. C., & Becker, S. P. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14156 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…empirically distinct from ADHD, CDS symptoms remain associated with poorer functioning across mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation), social (e.g., social withdrawal), and academic (e.g., lower grade point average) domains, above and beyond ADHD symptoms (Becker et al., 2023).”
Self-citationBurns, G. L., Moreno, J. J. M., Becker, S. P., & Servera, M. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251317785 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Even with the possibility of 3weak CDS sub-factors, our recommendation is that the total CDS score be used at this time for research and clinical purposes (Becker et al., 2023; Hoyle et al., 2023).”
Self-citationDarow, E. L., Moscato, E. L., Riggs, A. T., Hanania, J. W., Gerhardt, C. A., Salley, C. G., & Vannatta, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsae108 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Akman, Ö. A., & Sarıgedik, E. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.01.029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unveiling cognitive disengagement syndrome: A hidden challenge in children with epilepsy
Işık, C. M., & Cebeci, D. (2024) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.110182 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Payne, A. D., Smith, Z. R., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2024) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2024.2428673 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Two studies examined sluggish cognitive tempo [SCT; now cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS; Becker et al., 2023)], an inattention-like construct, in youth with SB, with one finding that it increases over time (Smith et al., 2022) and the other finding CDS was relatively stable (Darow et al., 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationCarpenter, K. L. H., Davis, N. O., Spanos, M., Sabatos‐DeVito, M., Aiello, R. E., Compton, S. N., Franz, L., Schechter, J. C., Summers, J., & Dawson, G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2361715 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“While CDS was originally conceptualized as being part of the Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) phenotype, emerging research suggests that it is a related but distinct set of symptoms (Becker et al., 2023).”
InfluentialBeanland, V., Ritchie, C., Ousset, C., Galland, B., & Schaughency, E. (2024) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.11.013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
De Giuli, G., Amico, C., De Francesco, S., Giani, L., Tüzün, G., Galli, F., Caputi, M., Forresi, B., & Scaini, S. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15116067 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lunsford-Avery, J. R., Krystal, A. D., Miller, M. C., & Becker, S. P. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108837 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, Z. R., O’Daniel, V. R. G., Flax, M., & Leviyah, X. (2026) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2026.2626378 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAbdolmohamadi, K., & Alimohamadi, A. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71033 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Studies have demonstrated a correlation between elevated symptoms of CDS and deficits in general, social,academic,andvocationalfunctioning(BeckerandWillcutt 2019; Becker et al. 2023).”
InfluentialRowe, M. A., Leopold, D. R., Hegarty, A. K., Cutting, L. E., Petrill, S. A., Thompson, L. A., Willcutt, E. G., & Banich, M. T. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.05.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDurak, S. F., Tahıllıoğlu, A., Songür, Ç. Y., Çoban, M., Varol, B., & Ercan, E. S. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2025.2493812 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Avunduk, S., Avunduk, S. A., & Güleç, A. (2025) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2025.2488816 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS), formerly known as Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT), is characterized by symptoms such as extreme lethargy, drowsiness, and mental fog (Becker, 2021; Becker & Barkley, 2018; Becker et al., 2023).”
Hashimoto, R., Sueda, K., Tsuji, Y., Nakashima, Y., Yagyu, K., & Takeda, T. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70066 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fredrick, J. W., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2316707 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Further, the presence of differences in fear/shyness and lower activity levels/reward drive may represent key mechanisms in the unique differences of ADHD and CDS with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology that can be leveraged in the future intervention work (Becker et al., 2023).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYılmaz, Y., & Çiçek, A. U. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231224089 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS; formerly known as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)), is a set of symptoms characterized by daydreaming, staring off or spacing out, excessive drowsiness, lethargy, mental confusion, and slowed behavior or thinking (Barkley, 2014; Becker et al., 2023).”
BackgroundLee, J., Lee, D., Ihm, H. K., Kang, H. S., Yu, H., Yoon, J., Jang, Y., Kim, Y., Lee, C. W., Lee, H., et al. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01719-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“CDS stands apart from the inattentive symptoms of ADHD, which are typified by excessive daydreaming, mental confusion, and fogginess [53, 54].”
Roberts, D. K., Sarver, D. E., & Elder, D. D. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01612-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…previous research has identified an association between CDS and characteristic behavioral and neurocognitive risk factors for OW/OB status, including daytime sleepiness [4, 7], hypoactivity [25], cognitive deficits [1], executive function deficits [26, 27], and abnormal eating patterns [28].”
Becker, S. P., Martinez, A. C., Wiggs, K. K., Langberg, J. M., & Smith, Z. R. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02311-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBoccaccio, F. M., Rizzo, R., Pirrone, C., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122159 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kılınçel, Ş., Bulut, F., Göksel, P., Usta, M. B., & Kılınçel, O. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1787612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Becker, S. P., Willcutt, E. G., Leopold, D. R., Fredrick, J. W., Smith, Z. R., Jacobson, L. A., Burns, G. L., Mayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Froehlich, T. E., McBurnett, K., Servera, M., & Barkley, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Washington State University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (ES)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Becker, Stephen P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 629-645
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9943858
- OpenAlex
- W4293246971
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 186
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 20.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Docusalut (Conselleria de Salut i Consum del Govern de les Illes Balears) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Education
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Children's Cancer Foundation
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
- Purdue University
- University of Pennsylvania
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Washington State University
- Loyola University Chicago
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Cincinnati
- Pennsylvania State University
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Dyslexia Foundation
- Supernus Pharmaceuticals
- Purdue Pharma
- Children's Miracle Network Hospitals
- European Commission
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Institute of Education Sciences
- University of Colorado Boulder
- Society of Pediatric Psychology
- Penn State College of Medicine
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
- Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
- European Regional Development Fund
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH015442, R01MH122415)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD103538, P50HD027802)
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- sluggish cognitive tempo, cognitive disengagement syndrome, terminology change, construct measurement, comorbidities, functional disability, psychosocial interventions, pharmacological interventions, transdiagnostic factors, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition, Humans, Psychopathology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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