The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Overlapping and Distinct Cognitive Impairments in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are commonly comorbid, share genetic liability, and often exhibit overlapping cognitive impairments. Clarification of shared and distinct cognitive effects while considering comorbid symptoms across disorders has been lacking. In the current study, children ages 7-15 years assigned to three diagnostic groups:ADHD (n = 509), ASD (n = 97), and controls (n = 301) completed measures spanning the cognitive domains of attention/arousal, working memory, set-shifting, inhibition, and response variability. Specific processes contributing to response variability were examined using a drift diffusion model, which separately quantified drift rate (i.e., efficiency of information processing), boundary separation (i.e., speed-accuracy trade-offs), and non-decision time. Children with ADHD and ASD were impaired on attention/arousal, processing speed, working memory, and response inhibition, but did not differ from controls on measures of delayed reward discounting, set-shifting, or interference control. Overall, impairments in the ASD group were not attributable to ADHD symptoms using either continuous symptom measures or latent categorical grouping approaches. Similarly, impairments in the ADHD group were not attributable to ASD symptoms. When specific RT parameters were considered, children with ADHD and ASD shared impairments in drift rate. However, children with ASD were uniquely characterized by a wider boundary separation. Findings suggest a combination of overlapping and unique patterns of cognitive impairment for children with ASD as compared to those with ADHD, particularly when the processes underlying reaction time measures are considered separately.
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“Studies in which ADHD and ASD traits were controlled indicate that, at least response inhibition and response variability, may be more strongly associated with ADHD than with ASD traits (Karalunas et al., 2018; Schachar et al., 2022).”
From Do ASD and ADHD Have Distinct Executive Function Deficits? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Comparison Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
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In the citing paper
“These results indicate that while ASD and ADHD share some etiological basis, there may be more than one sole “cause” of any given phenotype (Musser et al., 2014; Reiersen & Todd, 2008) and such causes may also be shared and distinct, both between and within the disorders (Karalunas et al., 2018; Rommelse et al., 2017; Vaidya et al., 2020).”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
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“Impairments on tests intended to measure working memory remain notable among youth with ASD when controlling for symptoms of ADHD65 and among individuals without co-occurring ADHD.66 67”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“A set of potentially shared mechanisms across ADHD and ASD instantiate atypical executive functioning (EF) (Karalunas et al., 2018).”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The deficits in working memory and processing speed also persisted when compared to an ADHD sample (Karalunas et al., 2018).”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This variability in the relationship between EF and ASD has also been demonstrated, but whether this is due to comorbid ASD+ADHD remains unclear (Karalunas et al., 2018).”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Indeed the current study builds on a handful of recent studies that have employed transdiagnostic approaches (Dajani et al., 2019; Karalunas et al., 2018; Lecei et al., 2019; Vaidya et al., 2020).”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Such studies suggest that impairments across ASD and ADHD are not entirely attributable to comorbid diagnoses (Karalunas et al., 2018; Vaidya et al., 2020).”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“those with ASD have shown differences in neuroimaging studies when compared to TD and ADHD groups (Karalunas et al., 2018; Ray et al., 2014; Rommelse et al., 2017)”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2018
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Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Heterogeneity Problem: Approaches to Identify Psychiatric Subtypes
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“Diffusion modeling has been previously used successfully in the analysis of go-trials of a stop task in adults (Verbruggen and Logan, 2009) and in our own work in both ADHD and autism spectrum disorders (Karalunas et al., 2018; Karalunas and Huang-Pollock, 2013; Karalunas et al., 2012a).”
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“Yet, the eventual aim is to use the VR-EAL to assess cognitive impairments in healthy aging and dementias (Anderson & Craik, 2017) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism (Karalunas et al., 2018).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Karalunas, S. L., Hawkey, E., Gustafsson, H., Miller, M., Langhorst, M., Cordova, M., Fair, D., & Nigg, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karalunas, Sarah L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2018-02-15
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1705-1716
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC6093794
- OpenAlex
- W2788653795
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 12.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH096773, R00 MH091238, R01 MH086654, R37 MH059105 13, K23 MH108656)
- Simons Foundation (177894)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidities, cognitive impairment, response variability, drift-diffusion model, drift rate, boundary separation, non-decision time, processing speed, working memory, response inhibition, reaction time
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Executive Function, Cognitive Dysfunction
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