Motion and form coherence detection in autistic spectrum disorder: Relationship to motor control and 2:4 digit ratio
Abstract
Children with autistic spectrum disorder and controls performed tasks of coherent motion and form detection, and motor control. Additionally, the ratio of the 2nd and 4th digits of these children, which is thought to be an indicator of foetal testosterone, was measured. Children in the experimental group were impaired at tasks of motor control, and had lower 2D:4D than controls. There were no group differences in motion or form detection. However a sub-group of children with autism were selectively impaired at motion detection. There were significant relationships between motion coherence detection and motor control in both groups of children, and also between motion detection, fine motor control and 2D:4D in the group of children with autistic spectrum disorder.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Milne et al. (2006) found that only about 20% of their ASD population had motion coherence thresholds outside the typical range.
“Milne et al. (2006) also found that only a sub-group of their ASD population (about 20%) had motion coherence thresholds outside the typical range.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Milne et al. (2006)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The American Journal of Human Genetics
S., J. (1950) · Population · doi:10.2307/1523704 · Cited by 5,124 · see citing works
The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance
Britten, K., Shadlen, M., Newsome, W., & Movshon, J. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-12-04745.1992 · Cited by 1,958 · see citing works
Asperger’s syndrome: a clinical account
Wing, L. (1981) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700053332 · Cited by 1,913 · see citing works
Geschwind, N. (1985) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1985.04060060019009 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Newsome, W., & Pare, E. (1988) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-06-02201.1988 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults
Ramus, F. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg076 · Cited by 1,526 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children
Tallal, P. A. (1980) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(80)90139-x · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
Manning, J. T., Scutt, D., Wilson, J., & Lewis-Jones, D. I. (1998) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000 · Cited by 1,470 · see citing works
Geschwind, N. (1985) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1985.04060050026008 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia
Stein, J. F. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)01005-3 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia.
Livingstone, M. S., Rosen, G. D., Drislane, F. W., & Galaburda, A. M. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.18.7943 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Developmental dyslexia: specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor dysfunction?
Ramus, F. (2003) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00035-7 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging
Eden, G. F., VanMeter, J. W., Rumsey, J. M., Maisog, J. M., Woods, R. P., & Zeffiro, T. A. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382066a0 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
The Physiology and Pathology of the Cerebellum
Dow, R. S., & Moruzzi, G. (1958) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1958.03000070133028 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients.
Courchesne, E., Townsend, J., Akshoomoff, N. A., Saitoh, O., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Lincoln, A. J., James, H. E., Haas, R., Schreibman, L., & Lau, L. (1994) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients
Courchesne, E., Townsend, J., Akshoomoff, N. A., Saitoh, O., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Lincoln, A. J., James, H. E., Haas, R. H., Schreibman, L., & Lau, L. (1994) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.108.5.848 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Visual recognition of biological motion is impaired in children with autism
Blake, R., Turner, L. M., Smoski, M. J., Pozdol, S. L., & Stone, W. L. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.01434 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Role of the cerebellum in visual guidance of movement
Stein, J. F., & Glickstein, M. (1992) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1992.72.4.967 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Movement Assessment Battery for Children
Hutchins, T. L., Vivanti, G., Mateljevic, N., Jou, R. J., Shic, F., Cornew, L., Roberts, T. P. L., Oakes, L. A., Gray, S. A. O., Ray-Subramanian, C. E., et al. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_100901 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Pardo, C. A., & Eberhart, C. G. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00102.x · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Masculinized Finger Length Patterns in Human Males and Females with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Brown, W. M., Hines, M., Fane, B. A., & Breedlove, S. M. (2002) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2002.1830 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Specific Reading Disability: Differences in Contrast Sensitivity as a Function of Spatial Frequency
Lovegrove, W. J., Bowling, A., Badcock, D. R., & Blackwood, M. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7433985 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Evidence for aberrant auditory anatomy in developmental dyslexia.
Galaburda, A. M., Menard, M. T., & Rosen, G. D. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.17.8010 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency
Spencer, J., OʼBrien, J., Riggs, K., Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., & Wattam-Bell, J. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200008210-00031 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
The magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia: the evidence from contrast sensitivity
SKOTTUN, B. C. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00170-4 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism
Courchesne, E. (1997) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80016-5 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism
Manning, J. T., Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Sanders, G. (2001) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00181.x · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Dreaming and episodic memory: a functional dissociation?
Fosse, M. J., Fosse, R., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321107774 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
High motion coherence thresholds in children with autism
Milne, E., Swettenham, J., Hansen, P., Campbell, R., Jeffries, H., & Plaisted, K. C. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00018 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationKondo, T., Zákány, J., Innis, J. W., & Duboule, D. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36234 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE CEREBELLUM
Dow, R. S., & Moruzzi, G. (1959) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-195904000-00014 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Comparison of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autistic children on a Test of Motor Impairment
Manjiviona, J., & Prior, M. R. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178165 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Ökten, A., Kalyoncu, M., & Yarış, N. (2002) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/s0378-3782(02)00073-7 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
A specific deficit of dorsal stream function in Williamsʼ syndrome
Atkinson, J., King, J. A., Braddick, O., Nokes, L., Anker, S., & Braddick, F. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199705260-00025 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Motion Perception in Autism: A “Complex” Issue
Bertone, A., Mottron, L., Jelenic, P., & Faubert, J. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321208150 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks
Fawcett, A. J., Nicolson, R. I., & Dean, P. (1996) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/bf02648179 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Modulation of the motion aftereffect by selective attention
Chaudhuri, A. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/344060a0 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Impaired Velocity Perception in Patients with Lesions of the Cerebellum
Ivry, R. B., & Diener, H. C. (1991) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1991.3.4.355 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a defect of cerebral cortical development in autism
Piven, J., Berthier, M. L., STARKSTEIN, S. E., Nehme, E., Pearlson, G. D., & Folstein, S. E. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.6.734 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Atkinson, J., Braddick, O., Anker, S., Curran, W., Andrew, R. L., Wattam-Bell, J., & Braddick, F. (2003) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2003.9651890 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Is clumsiness a marker for Asperger syndrome?
Ghaziuddin, M., Butler, E. E., Tsai, L., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1994) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1994.tb00440.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Relative index finger length as a sex-influenced trait in man.
Vr, P. (1952) · PubMed · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Are dyslexics??? visual deficits limited to measures of dorsal stream function?
Hansen, P., Stein, J. F., Orde, S. R., Winter, J. L., & Talcott, J. B. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200105250-00045 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism
Cody, H., Pelphrey, K. A., & Piven, J. (2002) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(02)00053-9 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Visual magnocellular impairment in adult developmental dyslexics
Talcott, J. B., Hansen, P., Willis-Owen, C. A., McKinnell, I. W., Richardson, A. J., & Stein, J. F. (1998) · Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1076/noph.20.4.187.3931 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationPostural effects of motion vision in young autistic children
Gepner, B., Mestre, D., Masson, G. S., & de Schonen, S. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199505300-00034 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Gepner, B., & Mestre, D. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1015410015859 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Townsend, J., Courchesne, E., & Egaas, B. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007276 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Cerebral microgyria, thalamic cell size and auditory temporal processing in male and female rats
Herman, A., Galaburda, A. M., FITCH, R. H., et al. (1997) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/7.5.453 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Otsuka, H., Harada, M., Mori, K., Hisaoka, S., & Nishitani, H. (1999) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s002340050795 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Controversy about the visual magnocellular deficit in developmental dyslexics
Stein, J. F., Talcott, J. B., & Walsh, V. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01484-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Rapid visual-motion integration deficit in autism
Gepner, B., & Mestre, D. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)02004-1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Motion perception deficits from midline cerebellar lesions in human
Nawrot, M., & Rizzo, M. (1995) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)00168-l · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Atkinson, J., Braddick, O., Anker, S., Curran, W., Andrew, R. L., Wattam-Bell, J., & Braddick, F. (2003) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn231&2_7 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Test scores and what they mean
Lyman, H. B. (1998) · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Rosen, G. D. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.1.27 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Tordjman, S., Anderson, G. M., McBride, P., Hertzig, M. E., Snow, M. E., Hall, L. M., Ferrari, P., & Cohen, D. J. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02179290 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The relative lengths and weights of metacarpals and metatarsals in baboons (papio hamadryas)
McFadden, D., & Bracht, M. S. (2003) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00048-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
031 - Ravens - Standard Progressive Matrices
Lehr, U. M., Thomae, H., & Leinich, L. (1966) · Digitalen Hochschulbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt (Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt) · doi:10.25673/32435 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Absence of a common functional denominator of visual disturbances in cerebellar disease
Thier, P., Haarmeier, T., Treue, S., & Barash, S. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.11.2133 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Test scores and what they mean
Kotkov, B. (1963) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(63)73154-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
On the conflicting support for the magnocellular-deficit theory of dyslexia
SKOTTUN, B. C. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01485-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Developmental cortical anomalies in Asperger's syndrome: neuroradiological findings in two patients
Berthier, M. L., STARKSTEIN, S. E., & Leiguarda, R. C. (1990) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2.2.197 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Form and motion coherence processing in dyspraxia: evidence of a global spatial processing deficit
O??Brien, J., Spencer, J. V., Atkinson, J., et al. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200208070-00010 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Evidence for a domain-specific deficit in developmental dyslexia
Ramus, F. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02390137 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention Affects the Stereoscopic Depth Aftereffect
Rose, D. H., Bradshaw, M. F., & Hibbard, P. B. (2003) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3324 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Manning, J. T. (2002). Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behaviour and health . New Brunswich NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Talcott, J., Hansen, P., Willis-Owen, C., McKinnel, I. W., Richardson, A. J., & Stein, J. (1998). Visual temporal processing in adult dyslexics: evidence for M-pathway dysfunction. NeuroOpthalmology , 20 (4), 187 -201.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vision in autism spectrum disorders
Simmons, D. R., Robertson, A. E., McKay, L. S., Toal, E., McAleer, P., & Pollick, F. E. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.005 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males?
Baron-Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Ashwin, E., Chakrabarti, B., & Knickmeyer, R. (2011) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001081 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components
Ghorbani, A., & Esmaeilizadeh, M. (2017) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Auditory discrimination and auditory sensory behaviours in autism spectrum disorders
Jones, C. R. G., Happé, F., Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Marsden, A. J. S., Tregay, J., Phillips, R. J., Goswami, U., Thomson, J. M., & Charman, T. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.015 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Perception of biological motion in autism spectrum disorders
Freitag, C. M., Konrad, C., Häberlen, M., Kleser, C., von Gontard, A., Reith, W., Troje, N. F., & Krick, C. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.025 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Defining the cognitive phenotype of autism
Charman, T., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Baird, G., & Happé, F. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.075 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Abnormal magnocellular pathway visual processing in infants at risk for autism
McCleery, J. P., Allman, E., Carver, L. J., & Dobkins, K. R. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.009 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Multiple object tracking in autism spectrum disorders
Koldewyn, K., Weigelt, S., Kanwisher, N., & Jiang, Y. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1694-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fusar-Poli, L., Rodolico, A., Sturiale, S., Carotenuto, B., Natale, A., Arillotta, D., Siafis, S., Signorelli, M. S., & Aguglia, E. (2021) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.26 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dubey, P., Thakur, B., Rodriguez, S., Cox, J., Sanchez, S., Fonseca, A., Reddy, S., Clegg, D., & Dwivedi, A. K. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01699-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hannant, P. (2018) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hannant, P., Cassidy, S., Renshaw, D., & Joyce, A. (2021) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2019.1588486 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
McKenna, B. G., Huang, Y., Vervier, K., Hofammann, D., Cafferata, M., Al-Momani, S., Lowenthal, F., Zhang, A., Koh, J.-Y., Thenuwara, S., et al. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00450-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Excess Neonatal Testosterone Causes Male-Specific Social and Fear Memory Deficits in Wild-Type Mice
Quiñones-Labernik, P., Blocklinger, K. L., Bruce, M. R., Hagan, E., Preuschl, D., Tesar, C., & Ferri, S. L. (2025) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0020-25.2025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…disorder diagnosis (Manning et al., 2001; Lutchmaya et al., 2002a,b; Chapman et al., 2006; De Bruin et al., 2006; Knickmeyer and Baron-Cohen, 2006; Milne et al., 2006; Auyeung et al., 2010, 2012; Baron-Cohen et al., 2015; Park et al., 2017; McKenna et al., 2021; Firestein et al., 2022).”
- Authors
- Milne, E., White, S., Campbell, R., Swettenham, J., Hansen, P., & Ramus, F.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Milne, Elizabeth
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 225-237
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2128225333
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-620-28-6001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, motion detection, motor control, fine motor control, prenatal testosterone, visual perception, children
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Female, Fetal Blood, Form Perception, Humans, Male, Motion Perception, Perceptual Disorders, Severity of Illness Index, Testosterone, Signal Detection, Psychological, Asperger Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review