Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes
Open accessAbstract
Objective To investigate whether exposure to high maternal concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D in pregnancy poses any risk to the child.Design Prospective study.Setting Princess Anne Maternity Hospital, Southampton, UK.Subjects A group of 596 pregnant women were recruited. A total of 466 (78%) children were examined at birth, 440 (74%) at age 9 months and 178 (30%) at age 9 years.Methods Maternal 25 (OH)-vitamin D concentrations were measured in late pregnancy. Anthropometry of the child was recorded at birth, 9 months and 9 years. At 9 months, atopic eczema was assessed. At 9 years, children had an echocardiogram and a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, blood pressure, arterial compliance and carotid intima-media thickness were measured and intelligence and psychological function assessed.Results There were no associations between maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations and the child's body size or measures of the child's intelligence, psychological health or cardiovascular system. Children whose mothers had a 25(OH)-vitamin D concentration in pregnancy >75 nmol/l had an increased risk of eczema on examination at 9 months (OR 3.26, 95% CI 1.15-9.29, P=0.025) and asthma at age 9 years (OR 5.40, 95% CI, 1.09-26.65, P=0.038) compared to children whose mothers had a concentration of <30 nmol/l.Conclusion Exposure to maternal concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D in pregnancy in excess of 75 nmol/l does not appear to influence the child's intelligence, psychological health or cardiovascular system; there could be an increased risk of atopic disorders, but this needs confirmation in other studies.
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Gale et al. (2008) could not find any relationship between maternal 25(OH)D concentration during pregnancy and child's intelligence and psychological health at ages 9 months and 9 years.
“By contrast, Gale et al. (2008) could not find any relationship between maternal 25(OH)D concentration during pregnancy and child’s intelligence and psychological health at ages 9 months and 9 years [104].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [104]
At follow-up, the sample size was smaller (n = 178) and the attrition rate was higher (70%) in the Gale et al. study than in the Whitehouse et al. and Morales et al. studies (n = 412 and 50% and n = 1826 and 25%, respectively).
“At the follow-up, the sample size was smaller (n = 178) and the attrition rate was higher (70%) in the Gale et al. study [104] than the Whitehouse et al. and Morales et al. studies (n = 412 and 50% and n = 1826 and 25%, respectively) [94,103].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [104]
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“In a birth cohort of 440 English infants (age 9months), children whose mothers had the highest quartiles of 25(OH)D during pregnancy had an increased risk of AD.38 However, there was no association between prenatal 25(OH)D levels and eczema (assessed by questionnaire) among 7-year-old to 8-year-old children in the ALS…”
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- Authors
- Gale, C. R., Robinson, S. M., Harvey, N. C., Javaid, M. K., Jiang, B., Martyn, C. N., Godfrey, K. M., Cooper, C., & the Princess Anne Hospital Study Group
- Affiliations
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2007-02-21
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-77
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- PMC
- PMC2629513
- OpenAlex
- W2168383921
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 17.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Keywords
- maternal vitamin D status, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, pregnancy, child outcomes, atopic dermatitis, childhood asthma, child intelligence, child mental health, cardiovascular health, carotid intima-media thickness, arterial compliance, body size
- MeSH terms
- Asthma, Child, Child Development, Dermatitis, Atopic, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Prospective Studies, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Cohort Studies, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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