An Initial Development and Evaluation of a Culturally Responsive Police Interactions Training for Black Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to conduct a qualitative and experimental analysis of a culturally informed police safety skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study focused primarily on meeting the unique training needs of Black adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A single case design was used to evaluate the initial efficacy and acceptability of a culturally responsive training method. Preliminary evidence about the physiological ramifications of police contact were also collected to begin to examine the broader behavioral and psychophysiological nature of youth's experiences. The current experimental design included in-person simulated contexts that youth, and caregivers, endorsed as relevant to their normal lives, which greatly strengthened the ecological validity of the approach.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Davenport et al. recognized that Black Autistic adolescents are too much at risk to ignore how these intersecting identities disproportionately result in the risk of negative outcomes.
“Davenport et al. recognized that Black Autistic adolescents are too much at risk to ignore how these intersecting identities disproportionately result in the risk of negative outcomes (60).”
From Informing care pathways and policies for children and youth with Indigenous perspectives to advance Canada's National Autism Strategy (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
These inefficient and biased systems can lead to communities creating support systems in response, as was explored in the creation and implementation of the program explored by Davenport et al.
“Finally, these inefficient and biased systems can lead to communities creating support systems in response, as was explored in the creation and implementation of the program explored by Davenport et al. (60).”
From Informing care pathways and policies for children and youth with Indigenous perspectives to advance Canada's National Autism Strategy (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
The study and program created by Davenport et al. was a response to this lack of culturally competent support and interventions.
“The study and program created by Davenport et al. was a response to this lack of culturally competent support and interventions (60).”
From Informing care pathways and policies for children and youth with Indigenous perspectives to advance Canada's National Autism Strategy (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
Davenport et al. recognized the increased risk of interactions for both identities (without research specified to the intersection of identities), and negative outcomes from individuals within the CJS's notions and conceptions of either identity.
“Davenport et al. recognized the increased risk of interactions for both identities (without research specified to the intersection of identities), and negative outcomes from individuals within the CJS's notions and conceptions of either identity (60).”
From Informing care pathways and policies for children and youth with Indigenous perspectives to advance Canada's National Autism Strategy (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
Communities have developed supports and programs to recognize the issue of racialized Autistic people's interactions with the CJS and to create solutions and supports.
“This has led to communities being the ones to develop supports and programs in order to not only recognize that this is an issue, but also take steps toward creating solutions and supports (60).”
From Informing care pathways and policies for children and youth with Indigenous perspectives to advance Canada's National Autism Strategy (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
Cites
(2006) · Cited by 18,730 · see citing works
Handbook of Qualitative Research.
Fine, G. A., Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076550 · Cited by 7,799 · see citing works
(2007) · Cited by 3,233 · see citing works
Kubios HRV–heart rate variability analysis software.
Tarvainen, M. P., Niskanen, J.-P., Lipponen, J. A., Ranta-aho, P. O., & Karjalainen, P. A. (2014) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024 · Cited by 2,720 · see citing works
Bonevski, B., Randell, M., Paul, C. L., Chapman, K. L., Twyman, L., Bryant, J., Brozek, I., & Hughes, C. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-42 · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Rennie, D. L. (1998) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354398081006 · Cited by 1,440 · see citing works
An improved effect size for single-case research: nonoverlap of all pairs.
Parker, R. I., & Vannest, K. (2009) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.006 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., Dougé, J., HEALTH, S. O. A., COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS, COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Cavanaugh, R. M., Lacroix, A. E., Fanburg, J., Rahmandar, M. H., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1765 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
The Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Research
Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., & Casto, G. C. (1987) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193258700800206 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Annual review of cybertherapy and telemedicine 2009
Wiederhold, B. K., & Riva, G. (2009) · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Visual analysis in single case experimental design studies: Brief review and guidelines
Lane, J. D., & Gast, D. L. (2013) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.815636 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000392 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Engle, K. K. (1980) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.34.4.284c · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Reimers, T. M., & Wacker, D. P. (1988) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874298801400104 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Police Interactions and the Mental Health of Black Americans: a Systematic Review
McLeod, M. N., Heller, D. I., Manze, M. G., & Echeverría, S. E. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00629-1 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Advancement in the maturing science of cultural adaptations of evidence-based interventions.
Chu, J., & Leino, A. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000145 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism
Spratt, E. G., Nicholas, J. S., Brady, K. T., Carpenter, L. A., Hatcher, C. R., Meekins, K. A., Furlanetto, R. W., & Charles, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1214-0 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Rakap, S. (2015) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/1467-8578.12091 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Anderson, R. E., McKenny, M. C., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12412 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Metzger, I. W., Anderson, R. E., Are, F., & Ritchwood, T. (2021) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559520921457 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Rava, J. A., Shattuck, P. T., Rast, J. E., & Roux, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2958-3 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Decision-making difficulties experienced by adults with autism spectrum conditions
Luke, L., Clare, I. C. H., RING, H. A., Redley, M., & Watson, P. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311415876 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Thomas, A. J., & Blackmon, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798414563610 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Evidence-based psychosocial interventions for ethnic minority youth: the 10-year update
Pina, A. A., Polo, A. J., & Huey, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1567350 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A systematic review of emotion regulation in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cibralic, S., Kohlhoff, J. R., Wallace, N. M., McMahon, C. A., & Eapen, V. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101422 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
An update on anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders
Vasa, R. A., & Mazurek, M. O. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000133 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Telep, C. W., & Lawton, B. A. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.754920 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Adolescent Alcohol Use Trajectories: Risk Factors and Adult Outcomes
Yuen, W. S., Chan, G., Bruno, R., Clare, P. J., Mattick, R. P., Aiken, A., Boland, V. C., MCBRIDE, N. T., McCambridge, J., Slade, T. N., et al. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0440 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Police Contact and the Legal Socialization of Urban Teens
Geller, A., & Fagan, J. (2019) · RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2019.5.1.02 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Criminal Justice System
Cheely, C. A., Carpenter, L. A., Letourneau, E. J., Nicholas, J. S., Charles, J. M., & King, L. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1427-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Do Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices Deter Crime?: Evidence at Microunits of Space and Time
Weisburd, D., Wooditch, A., Weisburd, S., & Yang, S. (2016) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12172 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cardiac autonomic regulation in autism and Fragile X syndrome: A review.
Klusek, J., Roberts, J. E., & Losh, M. C. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038237 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Brossart, D. F., Vannest, K. J., Davis, J. L., & Patience, M. A. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.868361 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Jamison, J., Fourie, E., Siper, P. M., Trelles, M. P., George-Jones, J., Grice, A. B., Krata, J., Holl, E., Shaoul, J., Hernández, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3045-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Turcotte, P., Shea, L., & Mandell, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3359-y · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Ferguson, B. J., Marler, S., Altstein, L. L., Lee, E. B., Mazurek, M. O., McLaughlin, A., Macklin, E. A., McDonnell, E., Davis, D. J., Belenchia, A. M., et al. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.009 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelates of police involvement among adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder
Tint, A., Palucka, A. M., Bradley, E., Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3182-5 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Davenport, M., Mazurek, M. O., Brown, A. M., & McCollom, E. M. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.05.003 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat’s Race Got to Do With It? Racial Socialization’s Contribution to Black Adolescent Coping
Anderson, R., Jones, S. C. T., Anyiwo, N., McKenny, M., & Gaylord-Harden, N. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12440 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Best practices for researching diverse groups.
Burlew, A. K., Peteet, B. J., McCuistian, C. L., & Miller-Roenigk, B. D. (2019) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000350 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Studies With Staggered Starts: Multiple Baseline Designs and Group-Randomized Trials
Rhoda, D. A., Murray, D. M., Andridge, R. R., Pennell, M. L., & Hade, E. M. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300264 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cuve, H. C., Gao, Y., & Fuse, A. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.07.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Gardner, L. M., Campbell, J. M., & Westdal, J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3794-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Goldsmith, S. F., & Kelley, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3483-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lunsky, Y., Paquette‐Smith, M., Weiss, J. A., & Lee, J. S. (2014) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2014-204015 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Chiang, H., & Gau, S. S. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12450 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Comparing stress and arousal systems in response to different social contexts in children with ASD
Corbett, B. A., Muscatello, R. A., & Baldinger, C. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Harriage, B., Blair, K. C., & Miltenberger, R. G. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2730-8 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Need for Objective Measures of Stress in Autism
Hufnagel, C., Chambres, P., Bertrand, P., & Dutheil, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00064 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Interactions between autistic individuals and law enforcement: a mixed-methods exploratory study
Copenhaver, A., & Tewksbury, R. (2019) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-018-9452-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Anxiety and ASD: Current Progress and Ongoing Challenges
South, M., Rodgers, J., & Hecke, A. V. V. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3322-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and cortisol habituation: A randomized controlled trial
Manigault, A. W., Shorey, R. C., Hamilton, K. R., Scanlin, M. C., Woody, A., Figueroa, W. S., France, C. R., & Zoccola, P. M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Firearm-Related Pediatric Deaths Related to Legal Intervention
Badolato, G. M., Boyle, M. D., McCarter, R., Zeoli, A. M., Terrill, W., & Goyal, M. K. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-015917 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Railey, K. S., Bowers‐Campbell, J., Love, A. M. A., & Campbell, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04227-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Taylor, B. J., Sanders, K. B., Kyle, M. R., Pedersen, K. A., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., & Siegel, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3816-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Primeau, M. M., Gershon, A., Talbot, L. S., Cotto, I., Lotspeich, L. J., Hardan, A. Y., Hallmayer, J. F., & O'Hara, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5584 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Godish, D., Miltenberger, R. G., & Sanchez, S. (2017) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-017-0026-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Unjustified: Youth of Color Navigating Police Presence Across Sociospatial Environments
Campos-Manzo, A. L., Flores, M., Pérez, D., Halpert, Z., & Zevallos, K. (2018) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368717741346 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gardner, L. M., & Campbell, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04485-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
SingleCaseES: A Calculator for Single-Case Effect Sizes
Pustejovsky, J. E., Chen, M., & Swan, D. M. (2018) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.singlecasees · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Morgan, K. L., & Miltenberger, R. G. (2017) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-017-0024-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Law Enforcement Training Related to Autism Spectrum Disorder
Railey, K. S., Love, A. M. A., & Campbell, J. M. (2020) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357620922152 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evaluation of Video Modeling to Teach Children Diagnosed with Autism to Avoid Poison Hazards
King, S., & Miltenberger, R. G. (2017) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-017-0028-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Haas, K., & Gibbs, V. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04663-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Brown, B. S. (1971) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01537738 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Measuring Police Officer Self-efficacy for Working with Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Love, A. M. A., Usher, E. L., Toland, M. D., Railey, K. S., Campbell, J. M., & Spriggs, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04613-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Longtin, S. E., & Principe, G.-M. (2014) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357614522293 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Conversations with kids about race
Hagerman, M. A. (2019) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/0031721719841333 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Calculator for Single-Case Effect Sizes [R package SingleCaseES version 0.4.3]
Pustejovsky, J. E., Chen, M., & Swan, D. M. (2019) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Preparing students with disabilities and police for successful interactions
Diamond, L. L., & Hogue, L. B. (2021) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/1053451221994804 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wallace, D. M., Herbert, J. L., Hassrick, E. M., & Kabourek, S. E. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2021-0141 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Antony, C., Campbell, M., Côté, S., Bruno, G., Tinglin, C., & Lai, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.916256 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“recognized that Black Autistic adolescents are toomuch at risk to ignore how these intersecting identities disproportionately result in the risk of negative outcomes (60).”
BackgroundInfluentialResilience and strengths in the Black autism community in the United States: A scoping review
Davis, A., Telfer, N. A., Artis, J., Abubakare, O., Keller‐Bell, Y., Caruthers, C. E., Jones, D. R., & Pierce, N. P. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3243 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Herbert, J. L., Pelletier, K. R., & Wallace, D. M. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2021-0143 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Policing Black autistic children: A qualitative approach to understanding Black caregivers’ concerns
Flanagan, A. Y., Cola, M., Yu, N., Peele, H., Dicette, K., Hicks, G., Pelella, M. R., King-Pointer, A., Owens, J., Truong, D. M., et al. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241303549 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Davis, A., Burks-Abbott, G., Merecias, O., & Swenor, B. K. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241259910 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flanagan, A. Y., Peele, H., Obus, E. A., Dicette, K., Hill, T. L., Yu, N., Hicks, G., Pelella, M. R., King-Pointer, A., Owens, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06994-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Webb, L., Castillo, I. E., Holingue, C., Testa, A. M., Wallace, D. M., & Jackson, D. B. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.05.022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wallace, D. M., Tapp, K., Parry, M. M., & Castillo, I. E. (2025) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2025.2563624 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Short report: Autistic adults’ perceptions of gender, autism, and policing in the United States
Cola, M., Hauptmann, A., Russell, A. R. B., Truong, D. M., Flanagan, A. Y., Tena, K. G., Pacheco, J., Zitter, A., Knox, A., Pelella, M. R., et al. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251395539
“You can't whoop autism”: Intersectional stigma in the Black community
Singh, J. S., & Nicholas, J. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119218
- Authors
- Davenport, M. A., Romero, M. E., Lewis, C. D., Lawson, T., Ferguson, B., Stichter, J., & Kahng, S.
- Affiliations
- Nationwide Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davenport, Mattina A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2021-08-27
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1375-1390
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W3194746421
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 0.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Organization for Autism Research
- Office of Research, Graduate Studies and Economic Development, University of Missouri
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, Black adolescents, police training, culturally responsive training, police-youth interaction, psychophysiology, caregiver perspectives, training acceptability
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Humans, Police, Caregivers, Black People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
