CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 20Historical and Cultural Archaeology StudiesIndigenous Cultures and HistoryArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 223 of the 226 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 115 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The Archaeology of Native Societies in the Chesapeake: New Investigations and Interpretations

Open access
Gallivan, Martin·2011·Journal of Archaeological Research
DOI 10.1007/s10814-010-9048-4
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes two decades of archaeological research on Native societies in the Chesapeake, arguing that the field has moved from cultural ecology and materialism toward historically contingent, interaction-centered interpretations. It covers Woodland through early colonial periods and highlights growing collaboration with descendant communities.

Key findings

  • Recent work documents population movements, persistent places, cycles of social ranking, and ceremonial centers. At Potomac Creek, 250–300 immigrants built a compact, double-palisaded settlement in the 14th century AD; by the 15th century it became a Tidewater culture with collective ossuaries, and a later nearby village was home to a weroance.
  • Middle Woodland evidence includes the spread of shell-tempered Mockley ceramics around AD 200, possible Algonquian population movements, Delmarva Adena exchange from 500 BC to AD 1, and Abbott zoned-incised pottery at Maycock’s Point and Abbott Farm that was made from local clays despite identical decorative motifs. Fiedel’s linguistic work suggests a unified Proto-Algonquian community as late as the Middle Woodland.
  • Late Woodland developments after AD 1200 include palisaded settlements, social conflict, and varied mortuary practices; maize appears only sporadically around AD 1100 and was often tied to seasonal aggregation and ritual. Werowocomoco was occupied from the 13th century through contact, with interior concentric ditches built AD 1300–1500 and a large structure associated with Wahunsenacawh.
  • Early colonial studies show Fort-period Jamestown deposits (1607–1623) were roughly half Native American pottery, with bilateral exchange later becoming unidirectional; copper influx after 1609 undermined native authority structures. Drought coincided with the Roanoke failure and Jamestown’s “starving time,” and descendant communities have become more involved, with Virginia having eleven state-recognized tribes, Maryland at least twelve descendant communities, and more than 100 individuals reburied in Virginia.

Methods

  • Narrative review and synthesis of Chesapeake archaeology from the past two decades, selectively focusing on Woodland through contact-period studies and drawing on regional summaries and Council of Virginia Archaeologists period reviews.
  • Uses published excavations, CRM reports, ethnohistorical, linguistic, geoarchaeological, and paleoecological studies; no new primary data collection is described.
  • Organized by Early Woodland, Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, early colonial period, and descendant communities/indigenous archaeology.

Limitations

  • The author states the review is selective and depends on prior summaries, and acknowledges that remaining omissions and errors are his own.
  • The text notes that much innovative CRM work is difficult to access, with limited availability of unpublished reports in the Chesapeake, and that lack of federal recognition for local tribes constrains consultation under NAGPRA and the National Historic Preservation Act.
  • Evident from the text: as a review, interpretations are synthesized rather than independently tested, and several debates—such as migration models, glottochronology, and cultural affiliation of the Hand site—remain unresolved.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10814-010-9048-4

Cites

223 of 223 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

53 Sources not found · 33 Own interpretation · 22 No full text of the sources · 10 Not checked yet · 7 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured

Show all 63 claims

  • It may state two separate claims as one. 47
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 25
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
63 of 63

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Potomac Creek case is a prominent example whose themes represent broader recent Chesapeake archaeology.

    “As a prominent example of recent Chesapeake archaeology, the Potomac Creek research highlights themes that have become more important in the region during the last two decades”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Archaeological evidence can reliably indicate social networks, ceremonial practices, and population movements.

    “The archaeological record beginning c. 1200 BC points to the salience of cultural traditions and social networks within a ''Chesapeake'' region”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The vast majority of archaeology in the Chesapeake is and will be conducted in cultural resource management.

    “This is encouraging given that the vast majority of archaeology in the Chesapeake is and will be conducted in this setting.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The results of much cultural resource management work can be difficult to access.

    “It also is of some concern given that the results of much of this work can be difficult to access.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

2 of 2

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 104

  1. Atkins, A. L. (2009b). Collaborative archaeology and Virginia Indian perspectives. Paper presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Ocean City, MD.
  2. Barber, M. B., and Madden, M. J. (2006). The Maycock’s Point (44PG40) beach collection: The implications of controlled survey in a disturbed context or time and tide wait for no man. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 61: 61–81.
  3. Barfield, E. B., and Barber, M. B. (1992). Archeological and ethnographic evidence of subsistence in Virginia during the Late Woodland period. In Reinhart, T. R. (ed.), Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, pp. 225–248.
  4. Blanton, D. B. (1992). Middle Woodland settlement systems in Virginia. In Reinhart, T. R., and Hodges, M. E. (eds.), Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, Archeologial Society of Virginia, Richmond, pp. 65–96.
  5. Blanton, D. B. (2002). Dismal Swamp prehistory as represented at the Magnolia site, Suffolk, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 57: 38–48.
  6. Blanton, D. B. (2003). Late Archaic in Virginia: An updated overview. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 58: 177–205.
  7. Blanton, D. B., and Hudgins, C. C. (2005). Archaeological evidence for native prestige commodity devaluation: Analysis of copper artifacts from 44YO687 and 44YO693. In Blanton, D. B. (ed.), Archaeological evaluation of eight prehistoric-Native American sites at Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia. Report submitted to the Atlantic Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Norfolk, VA, pp. I1–I14.
  8. Blanton, D. B., Pullins, S. C., and Deitrick, V. L. (1999). The Potomac Creek Site (44ST2) Revisited, Research Report Series No. 10, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
  9. Blick, J. P. (2000). The Quiyoughcohannock ossuary ritual and the Huron feast of the dead: A case for cultural diffusion? Proceedings of the Sixth Internet World Congress for Biomedical Sciences, Ciudad Real, Spain.
  10. Carbone, V. A. (1976). Environment and Prehistory in the Shenandoah Valley, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC.
  11. Cross, D. (1956). Archaeology of New Jersey, Volume 2: The Abbott Farm, Archaeological Society of New Jersey and the New Jersey State Museum, Trenton.
  12. Curry, D. C. (1999). Feast of the Dead: Aboriginal Ossuaries in Maryland, Maryland Historic Trust, Crownsville.
  13. Custer, J. F. (1987b). Late Woodland ceramics and social boundaries in southeastern Pennsylvania and the northern Delmarva Peninsula. Archaeology of Eastern North America 15: 13–27.
  14. Custer, J. F. (1994b). Stability, Storage and Culture Change in Prehistoric Delaware: The Woodland I Period (3000 BC-AD 1000), Center for Archaeological Research, University of Delaware, Newark.
  15. Davidson, T. E. (2004). The colonoware question and the Indian bowl trade in colonial Somerset County, Maryland. In Blanton, D. B., and King, J. A. (eds.), Indian and European Contact in Context: The Mid-Atlantic Region, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 244–265.
  16. Dent R. J. (2005) The Winslow site: Household and community archeology in the middle Potomac Valley. Maryland Archeology 41(12): 1–51.
  17. Dent, R. J., and Jirikowic, C. A. (2001). Accokeek Creek: Chronology, the Potomac Creek complex, and Piscataway origins. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 17: 39–58.
  18. Dietler, M., and Hayden, B. (2001). Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  19. Duncan, J. F., and Gallivan, M. D. (2006). Competitive cycling in Middle Woodland Tidewater Virginia: The view from Maycock’s Point. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Virginia Beach, VA.
  20. Egloff, K. T. (1989). Native American Sites in the Fall Line Transition Study Area, Research Report Series No. 5, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
  21. Egloff, K. T., and Potter, S. R. (1982). Indian ceramics from coastal plain Virginia. Archaeology of Eastern North America 10: 95–117.
  22. Fiedel, S. J. (1994). Some inferences concerning proto-Algonquian economy and society. Northeast Anthropology 48: 1–9.
  23. Fiedel, S. J. (1999). Algonquians and Iroquoians: Taxonomy, chronology, and archaeological implications. In Williamson, R. F., and Watts, C. M. (eds.), Taming the Taxonomy: Toward a New Understanding of Great Lakes Archaeology, Eastend Books, Toronto, pp. 193–204.
  24. Fleming, S., and Swann, C. (1994). Technical analysis of copper-base artifacts. In Luccketti, N. M. (ed.), Paspahegh archaeology: Data recovery investigations of site 44JC308 at the Governor’s Land at Two Rivers, James City County, Virginia. Report submitted to the Governor’s Land Associates, Williamsburg, VA, pp. 244–257.
  25. Gagnon, C. M. (2004). Stability in a time of change: Contact period health in the lower Susquehanna Valley Archaeology of Eastern North America 32: 101–121.
  26. Gallivan, M. D. (1997). Spatial analysis of John Smith’s map of Virginia. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 13: 145–160.
  27. Gallivan M. D. (2009). The Chickahominy River survey: Native settlement in Tidewater Virginia, AD 200 - 1600. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 25: 73–83.
  28. Gallivan, M. D., and McKnight, J. W. (2008). Emerging patterns in Chesapeake ethnobotany. Paper presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Ocean City, MD.
  29. Gallivan, M. D., Harpole, T., Brown, D. A., Moretti-Langholtz, D., and Turner, E.R., III (2005). The Werowocomoco Research Project: Background and 2003 Archaeological Field Season Results, Research Report Series No. 1, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
  30. Gallivan, M. D., Woodard, B., and Shephard, C. J. (2008). Chesapeake frontiers and Algonquian community construction before and after contact. Paper presented at the Archaeology of Frontiers in the Southeast Conference, Columbia, SC.
  31. Gallivan, M. D., Blakey, M. F., Mahoney, S. S., Shephard, C. J., Mahoney, M. A., Fitzgerald, J. A., Hayden, A. K., McKnight, J. W., Golenishcheva-Coonan, N., Ogborne, J. H., Heinsman, B. E., Volbrecht, C. M., Heinsman, S. E., and Burke, P. B. (2009). The Chickahominy River Survey: Native Communities in Tidewater Virginia, AD 200–1600, Archaeological Research Report Series No. 2, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.
  32. Gardner, W. M. (1982). Early and Middle Woodland in the Middle Atlantic: An overview. In Moeller, R. (ed.), Practicing Environmental Archaeology: Methods and Interpretations, American Indian Archaeological Institute, Washington, CT, pp. 53–86.
  33. Goddard, I. (1978). Eastern Algonquian languages. In Trigger, B. G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 70–77.
  34. Gregory, L. B. (1983). Zoned pottery from the Hatch site (44PG51), Prince George County, Virginia. The Chesopiean 21: 2–8.
  35. Haile, E. W. (ed.) (1998). Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony, the First Decade, 1607–1617, RoundHouse, Champlain, VA.
  36. Hantman, J. L. (1993). Relations between Powhatan and the piedmont Monacans. In Rountree, H. C. (ed.), Powhatan Foreign Relations, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. 94–111.
  37. Hantman, J. L. (2004). Monacan meditation: Regional and individual archaeologies in the contemporary politics of Indian identity. In Shackel, P., and Chambers, E. (eds.), Places in Mind: Archaeology and Communities, Routledge, New York, pp. 19–34.
  38. Hantman, J. L. (in press). Long-term history, positionality, contingency, hybridity: Does rethinking indigenous history reframe the Jamestown Colony? In Scheiber, L., and Mitchell, M. (eds.), Across the Great Divide, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  39. Hantman, J. L., and Dunham, G. H. (1993). The enlightened archaeologist. Archaeology 46(3): 44–49.
  40. Hantman, J. L., and Gold, D. L. (2002). The Woodland in the Middle Atlantic: Ranking and dynamic political stability. In Anderson, D. G., and Mainfort, R. C. (eds.), The Woodland Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 270–291.
  41. Hantman, J. L., Wood, K., and Shields, D. (2000). Writing collaborative history: How the Monacan Nation and archaeologists worked together to enrich our understanding of Virginia’s native peoples. Archaeology 53(5): 56–59.
  42. Hodges, M. E. (1993). The archaeology of Native American life in Virginia in the context of European contact: Review of past research. In Reinhart, T., and Pogue, D. J. (eds.), The Archaeology of 17th-Century Virginia, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, pp. 1–66.
  43. Hodges, M. E. (1998). Native American Settlement at Great Neck: Report on VDHR Archaeological Investigations of Woodland Components at Site 44VB7, Virginia Beach, Virginia, 1981–1987, Research Report Series No. 9, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
  44. Hodges, M. E. (2004). Late Woodland period research in Virginia: Recent trends and contributions. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 59: 1–13.
  45. Hudgins, C. C. (2004). Old World industries and New World hope: The Industrial role of copper at Jamestown. Journal of the Jamestown Rediscovery Center 2 (http://www.preservationvirginia.org/rediscovery/pdf/hudginshigh.pdf).
  46. Hughes, R. B., and Henry, D. L. (2006). Forging new partnerships: Archaeologists and the native people of Maryland. In Kerber, J. E. (ed.), Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Native Peoples and Archaeology in the Northeastern United States, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 112–128.
  47. Jirikowic, C. A. (1995). The Hughes Village Site: A Late Woodland Community in the Potomac Piedmont, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, American University, Washington, DC.
  48. Johnson, W. C., and Speedy, D. S. (1992). Cultural continuity and change in the Middle and Late Woodland periods in the upper James estuary, Prince George County, Virginia. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 8: 91–107.
  49. Kavanagh, M. (1982). Archaeological Resources of the Monocacy River Region, Frederick and Caroline Counties, Maryland, Division of Archeology, Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore.
  50. King, J. A., and Chaney, E. E. (2004). Did the Chesapeake English have a contact period? In Blanton, D. B., and King, J. A. (eds.), Indian and European Contact in Context: The Mid-Atlantic Region, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 193–221.
  51. Klein, M. (1994). An Absolute Seriation Approach to Ceramic Chronology in the Roanoke, Potomac and James River Valleys, Virginia and Maryland, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
  52. Klein, M. J. (1997). The transition from soapstone bowls to Marcey Creek ceramics in the Middle Atlantic region: Vessel technology, ethnographic data, and regional exchange. Archaeology of Eastern North America 25: 143–158.
  53. Klein, M. J. (2003a). The past decade of research on the Early Woodland period in Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 58: 207–231.
  54. Klein, M. J. (2003b). Ceramics, style, and society in the Potomac Valley of Virginia. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 19: 25–35.
  55. Klein, M. J., and Sanford, D. W. (2004). Analytical scale and archaeological perspectives on the contact era in the Northern Neck of Virginia. In Blanton, D. B., and King, J. A. (eds.), Indian and European Contact in Context: The Mid-Atlantic Region, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 47–73.
  56. Lapham, H. (2004). “Their complement of deer-skins and furs”: Changing patterns of white-tailed deer exploitation in the seventeenth-century southern Chesapeake and Virginia hinterlands. In Blanton, D. B., and King, J. A. (eds.), Indian and European Contact in Context: The Mid-Atlantic Region, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 172–192.
  57. Levine, N. (2006). Animals and domesticated landscapes: A case study of human-animal relationships in the Middle and Late Woodland coastal plain of Virginia. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.
  58. Little, B. J. (1995). National Capital Area Archaeological Overview and Survey Plan, Occasional Report No. 13, Regional Archaeological Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC.
  59. Luckenbach, A. H., Clark, W. E., and Levy, R. S. (1987). Rethinking cultural stability in eastern North American prehistory: Linguistic evidence from Eastern Algonquian. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 3: 1–33.
  60. MacCord, H. A. (1990). The Archeological Society of Virginia: A Forty-year History, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond.
  61. Mallios, S. W., and Straube, B. (2000). 1999 Interim Report on the APVA Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia, Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Richmond.
  62. Mann, C. C. (2007). America, found and lost. National Geographic 211(5): 32–67.
  63. McAvoy, J. M., and McAvoy, L. D. (1997). Archaeological Investigations of Site 44SX202, Cactus Hill, Sussex County, Virginia, Research Report Series No. 8, Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA.
  64. McKnight, J. W., and Gallivan, M. D. (2007). The Virginia archeobotanical database project: A preliminary synthesis of Chesapeake ethnobotany. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 62: 181–189.
  65. McLearen, D. C. (1991). Phase III Archaeological Investigations of the “522 Bridge Site” (4WR329) Warren County, Virginia, Archaeological Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
  66. McLearen, D. C., and Mouer, L. D. (1989). Middle Woodland typology and chronology in the lower James River valley, Virginia. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Rehoboth Beach, DE.
  67. McWeeney, L., and Kellogg, D. C. (2001). Early and Middle Holocene climate changes and settlement patterns along the eastern coast of North America. Archaeology of Eastern North America 29: 187–212.
  68. Means, B. K., and Klein, M. (2003). Theory and Middle Atlantic archaeology: Collected papers. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 19: 1.
  69. Messner, T. C. (2008). Woodland Period People and Plant Interactions: New Insights from Starch Grain Analysis, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
  70. Miller, H. M. (2001). Living along the “great shellfish bay”: The relationship between prehistoric peoples and the Chesapeake. In Curtin, P. D., Brush, G. S., and Fisher, G. W. (eds.), Discovering the Chesapeake: The History of an Ecosystem, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 109–126.
  71. Moore, L. H. (1993). Piscataway, Doeg, and the Potomac Creek complex. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 9: 117–138.
  72. Mouer, L. D. (1983). A review of the archaeology and ethnohistory of the Monacans. In Wittkofski, J. M., and Browning, L. E. (eds.), Piedmont Archaeology: Recent Research and Results, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, pp. 21–39.
  73. Mudar, K. M., Jones, E. B., and Verano, J. W. (1998). Cultural identity and mortuary behavior: An examination of the Hand site cemetery (44SN22), Southampton County, Virginia. Archaeology of Eastern North America 26: 133–162.
  74. Noël Hume, I. (1962). An Indian ware of the colonial period. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 17: 2–14.
  75. Opperman, A. F. (1992). Middle Woodland subsistence at Maycock’s Point (44PG40), Prince George County, Virginia. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
  76. Petraglia, M. D., and Cunningham, K. (2006). Native American archaeology in the Delmarva: New meanings and an expanded approach to Delaware archaeology. In Kerber, J. E. (ed.), Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Native Peoples and Archaeology in the Northeastern United States, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 213–229.
  77. Petraglia, M. D., Bupp, S. L., Fitzell, S. P., and Cunningham, K. W. (2002). Hickory Bluff: Changing Perceptions of Delmarva Archaeology, Archaeology Series No. 175, Delaware Department of Transportation, Dover.
  78. Phelps, D. S. (1983). Archaeology of the North Carolina coast and coastal plain: Problems and hypotheses. In Mathis, M. A., and Crow, J. J. (eds.), The Prehistory of North Carolina, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh, pp. 1–51.
  79. Porter, B. J. (2006). The Camden and Posey archaeological sites: A question of Native American identity in the late 17th century Chesapeake. In King, J. A. (ed.), A comparative archaeological study of colonial Chesapeake culture, final report. Report submitted to the National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, DC, pp. 68–72.
  80. Potter, S. R. (1982). An Analysis of Chicacoan Settlement Patterns, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
  81. Potter, S. R. (2002). Power and politics in ancient Washington. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Virginia Beach, VA.
  82. Potter, S. R. (2009). Rethinking Captain John Smith’s map of Virginia. The Portolan 75: 9–16.
  83. Reinhart, T. R., and Hodges, M. E. (eds.) (1991). Late Archaic and Early Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, Special Publication No. 23, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond.
  84. Reinhart, T. R., and Hodges, M. E. (eds.) (1992). Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, Special Publication No. 29, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond.
  85. Sassaman, K. E. (2005). Structure and practice in the Archaic Southeast. In Pauketat, T. R., and Loren, D. D. (eds.), North American Archaeology, Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp. 79–107.
  86. Shaffer, G. D. (2005). Nanticoke Indian burial practices: Challenges for archaeological interpretation. Archaeology of Eastern North America 33: 141–162.
  87. Shaffer, G. D. (2008). Decorated soapstone vessels discovered along the lower Susquehanna River. Archaeology of Eastern North America 36: 1–24.
  88. Shephard, C. J. (2008). Places of power: The community and regional development of native Tidewater palisades post AD 1200. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.
  89. Siebert, F. T. (1967). The original home of the proto-Algonquian people. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 214, Anthropology Series 78: 13–45.
  90. Steadman, L. (2008). Uncovering the origins of Abbott zoned incised pottery in coastal plain Virginia: An LA-ICP-MS study. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 24: 79–86.
  91. Stewart, R. M. (1992). Observations on the Middle Woodland period of Virginia: A Middle Atlantic regional perspective. In Reinhart, T. R., and Hodges, M. E. (eds.), Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, Archeologial Society of Virginia, Richmond, pp. 1–38.
  92. Stewart, R. M. (1995). The status of Woodland prehistory in the Middle Atlantic region. Archaeology of Eastern North America 23: 177–206.
  93. Stewart, R. M. (1998a). Thoughts on the origins of ceramic use and variation. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 14: 1–12.
  94. Stewart, R. M. (1998b). Unraveling the mystery of zoned decorated pottery: Implications for Middle Woodland society in the Middle Atlantic region. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 14: 161–182.
  95. Stewart, R. M. (1999). The Indian town of Playwicki. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 15: 35–53.
  96. Stewart, R. M. (2000). The intent of the law: A success story? Clemson Island studies and compliance archaeology. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 16: 35–43.
  97. Turner, E. R., III (1976). An Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Study of the Evolution of Rank Societies in the Virginia Coastal Plain, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College.
  98. Turner, E. R., III (1978). An intertribal deer exploitation buffer zone for the Virginia coastal plain-piedmont regions. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 32: 42–48.
  99. Turner, E. R., III (1982). A reexamination of Powhatan territorial boundaries and population, ca. AD 1607. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 37: 45–64.
  100. Turner, E. R., III (1986). Difficulties in the archaeological identification of chiefdoms as seen in the Virginia coastal plain during the Late Woodland and early historic periods. In Custer, J. F. (ed.), Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region, University of Delaware Press, Newark, pp. 19–28.
  101. Turner, E. R., III (1992). The Virginia coastal plain during the Late Woodland period. In Reinhart, T. R., and Hodges, M. E. (eds.), Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, pp. 97–136.
  102. Turner, E. R., III (1993). Native American protohistoric interactions in the Powhatan core area. In Rountree, H. (ed.), Powhatan Foreign Relations, 1500 - 1722, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, pp. 76–93.
  103. Turner, E. R., III (2004). Virginia Native Americans during the contact period: A summary of archaeological research over the past decade. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 59: 14–24.
  104. Turner, E. R., III, and Opperman, A. F. (1993). Archaeological manifestations of the Virginia Company period: A summary of surviving Powhatan and English settlements in Tidewater Virginia, circa 1607-1624. In Reinhart, T. R., and Pogue, D. J. (eds.), The Archaeology of 17th-Century Virginia, Archeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, pp. 67–104.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 20

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Gallivan, M.
Affiliations
William & Mary (US)
Corresponding author
Gallivan, Martin
ORCID
Gallivan, Martin
Venue
Journal of Archaeological Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-12-15
Volume
19
Issue
3
Pages
281-325
ISSN
  • 1059-0161 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-7756
DOI
10.1007/s10814-010-9048-4
OpenAlex
W2027118651
Semantic Scholar
4424f232d97f2f67c337ecc8fba8c3789a1b1897
Cited by
20
References
226
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
FWCI
1.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Journal of Archaeological Research (publishedVersion)
Funders
McKnight Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords
Native American societies, Chesapeake, Woodland period, human mobility, social ranking, colonial contact, Native American agencies, historical contingency, social interaction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review