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Cited by 19Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBehavioral and Psychological StudiesChild Therapy and Development

Perceived Parent–Child Relations, Conduct Problems, and Clinical Improvement Following the Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Open access
Booker, Jordan A., Ollendick, Thomas H., Dunsmore, Julie C., Greene, Ross W.·2016·Journal of Child and Family Studies
DOI 10.1007/s10826-015-0323-3PMC PMC4894338
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Abstract

Our objective in this study was to examine the moderating influence of parent–child relationship quality (as viewed by the child) on associations between conduct problems and treatment responses for children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). To date, few studies have considered children’s perceptions of relationship quality with parents in clinical contexts even though extant studies show the importance of this factor in children’s behavioral adjustment in non-clinical settings. In this study, 123 children (ages 7–14 years, 61.8 % male, 83.7 % white) who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for ODD received one of two psychosocial treatments: Parent Management Training or Collaborative and Proactive Solutions. In an earlier study, both treatments were found to be effective and equivalent in treatment outcomes. In the current study, pre-treatment maternal reports of conduct problems and pre-treatment child reports of relations with parents were used to predict outcomes in ODD symptoms and their severity following treatment. Elevated reports of children’s conduct problems were associated with attenuated reductions in both ODD symptoms and their severity. Perceived relationship quality with parents moderated the ties between conduct problems and outcomes in ODD severity but not the number of symptoms. Mother reports of elevated conduct problems predicted attenuated treatment response only when children viewed relationship quality with their parents as poorer. When children viewed the relationship as higher quality, they did not show an attenuated treatment response, regardless of reported conduct problems. The current findings underscore the importance of children’s perspectives in treatment response and reductions in externalizing child behaviors.

Verified 2026-11-06 · 1 reference not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This re-analysis of 123 children with ODD found that mother-reported conduct problems predicted attenuated treatment response, while children’s perceived parent–child relationship quality moderated this association for clinician-rated ODD severity but not mother-reported symptom count. Both Parent Management Training and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions were equally effective.

Key findings

  • Both treatments significantly and equivalently reduced ODD symptom count (M reduction = 2.85, t(67) = 8.01, p < .001) and ODD severity (M reduction = 2.15, t(74) = 8.87, p < .001).
  • Maternal pre-treatment conduct problems predicted attenuated reductions in ODD symptoms (Beta = −.08, S.E. = .03, p = .010) and ODD severity (Beta = −.04, S.E. = .02, p = .042).
  • Child-perceived relationship quality moderated the conduct problems–ODD severity association (ΔR² = .07, Beta = .004, S.E. = .002, p = .020); simple slopes were significant when mean-centered perceived relations were below 0.62 and non-significant at or above 0.62. The interaction was not significant for mother-reported ODD symptoms (ΔR² = .004, Beta = .002, S.E. = .002, p = .517).
  • Child reports of relationship quality showed a trend toward lower ODD symptoms (r = −.23, p = .071) and were associated with significantly lower ODD severity (r = −.27, p = .024); maternal conduct problems were associated with greater ODD symptoms (r = .37, p = .002) and severity (r = .27, p = .024).

Methods

  • Re-analysis of 123 treated children ages 7–14 (76 boys, 47 girls, M = 9.56 years, SD = 1.81; 61.8% male, 83.7% white) meeting DSM-IV criteria for ODD, drawn from a larger randomized treatment study; children were randomized to PMT (n = 63) or CPS (n = 60), each designed as 12 weekly 75-minute sessions.
  • Measures included mother-reported BASC-2 Conduct Problems at pre-treatment, child-reported BASC Relations with Parents at pre-treatment, mother-reported DBDRS ODD symptoms at pre- and post-treatment, and clinician-rated ADIS-C/P ODD severity at pre- and post-treatment.
  • Analyses used t-tests, bivariate/partial correlations, and stepwise hierarchical regressions with ordinary least squares and full information maximum likelihood (FIML); the key test was the two-way interaction between conduct problems and perceived relationship quality, followed by simple slopes and region-of-significance probing.

Limitations

  • Stated by the paper: the correlational design precludes causal inferences; dropout was about 25% during treatment (13 PMT, 15 CPS) plus 8 additional participants unavailable for post-treatment assessment; the sample was largely middle-class and Caucasian; there was no longer-term follow-up; and only the child’s perspective on parent–child relationship quality was considered, omitting parent views.
  • Evident from the text: conduct problems and ODD symptoms relied on mother report, relationship quality relied on child self-report, and the paper notes that some children with ODD may report overly positive self-concepts or discrepant views of the parent–child relationship.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10826-015-0323-3

Cites

79 of 80 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

2 of 34 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Study design and conductcitation

    Pre-treatment reports were controlled in analyses to account for individuals' differing starting points of ODD symptomatology and severity.

    “Pre-treatment reports were controlled to account for the fact that individuals varied in their “starting points” of ODD symptomatology and the severity associated with their symptoms. This strategy is suggested by Vickers and Altman (2001) to control for pretreatment measures when assessing treatment outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vickers and Altman (2001) source
  • Findingown data

    Mother reports of elevated conduct problems predicted attenuated treatment response only when children viewed relationship quality with their parents as poorer.

    “When the relationship with parents was viewed as being more negative, children showed smaller reductions in ODD severity as conduct problems became more elevated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    When children viewed the relationship with parents as higher quality, they did not show an attenuated treatment response, regardless of reported conduct problems.

    “When children viewed the relationship as higher quality, they did not show an attenuated treatment response, regardless of reported conduct problems.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “When relationships with parents were viewed as being more positive, children showed greater reductions in ODD severity, across levels of conduct problems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Perceived relationship quality with parents moderated the association between conduct problems and ODD severity outcomes.

    “Perceived relationship quality with parents moderated the ties between conduct problems and outcomes in ODD severity but not the number of symptoms.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “At Step 3, the interaction between positive relations with parents and conduct problems accounted for significant variance (ΔR2 = .07, Beta = .004, S.E. = .002, p = .020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Perceived relationship quality with parents did not moderate the association between conduct problems and ODD symptom count outcomes.

    “Perceived relationship quality with parents moderated the ties between conduct problems and outcomes in ODD severity but not the number of symptoms.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “At Step 3, the interaction term did not account for significant variance (ΔR2 = .004, Beta = .002, S.E. = .002, p = .517).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 28
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • May combine two claims. 20

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Families with positive parent-child relations are more likely to exhibit warmth and better emotion regulation across interactions.

    “These are more likely to be families which exhibit warmth and better emotion regulation across interactions (Beauchaine et al., 2005; Eisenberg et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Beauchaine et al., 2005 source
    • cites Eisenberg et al., 2005 source

      The Abstract links parental warmth and positive expressivity to the quality of the parent–child relationship and to children’s regulation. The Discussion likewise suggests that warm, positive parenting may foster children’s regulation. The paper does not establish that families generally exhibit better emotion regulation across interactions; its regulation findings concern children specifically. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Elevated maternal reports of children's conduct problems were associated with attenuated reductions in ODD severity following treatment.

    “Elevated reports of children’s conduct problems were associated with attenuated reductions in both ODD symptoms and their severity.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “conduct problems significantly predicted smaller reductions in ODD severity (Beta = −.04, S.E. = .02, p = .042)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In our sample, only 16.7% of children were in the severe range for poor parent-child relations on the BASC (T-score of 30 or below) and an additional 29.8% (T-score of 31-40) were in the borderline range.

    “As noted earlier, in our sample, only 16.7% of children were in the severe range for poor parent-child relations on the BASC (T-score of 30 or below) and an additional 29.8% (T-score of 31 – 40) were in the borderline range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mother reports of conduct problems at pre-treatment were associated with poorer treatment response and a smaller decrease in ODD symptoms (as reported by mothers) and ODD severity (as determined by blinded clinicians).

    “On the other hand, mother reports of conduct problems at pre-treatment were associated with poorer treatment response and a smaller decrease in ODD symptoms (as reported by mothers) and ODD severity (as determined by blinded clinicians).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nearly all of our youth met criteria for another disorder, most frequently ADHD or an anxiety disorder, and over half met criteria for a third disorder.

    “Further, while ODD was the principal reason of referral for all youth, nearly all of our youth met criteria for another disorder, most frequently ADHD or an anxiety disorder, and over half met criteria for a third disorder.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When mean-centered values for perceived relations with parents were below 0.62, confidence bands for simple slopes for associations between conduct problems and reductions in ODD severity did not include zero and the simple slopes were significant at the α = .05 level.

    “The region of significance indicated that when mean-centered values for perceived relations with parents were below 0.62, confidence bands for simple slopes for associations between conduct problems and reductions in ODD severity did not include zero and the simple slopes were significant at the α = .05 level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When children reported better relations with their parents, conduct problems did not attenuate treatment response; they showed similarly robust symptom severity improvement regardless of the level of conduct problems.

    “When children reported better relations with their parents, conduct problems did not attenuate treatment response; hence, they showed similarly robust symptom severity improvement regardless of the level of conduct problems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For our sample, although none of the children met full criteria for CD, mothers typically reported that their children displayed clinical levels of conduct-related problems on the BASC (T-score ≥ 70).

    “For our sample, although none of the children met full criteria for CD, mothers typically reported that their children displayed clinical levels of conduct-related problems on the BASC (T-score ≥ 70).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    CPS and PMT were equally effective and did not contribute to the differential prediction of treatment response.

    “Consistent with our earlier findings (Ollendick et al., in press), CPS and PMT were equally effective and did not contribute to the differential prediction of treatment response.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ollendick et al., in press

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Children with conduct problems generally display more hostile relations and negative forms of communication in their interactions with their parents.

    “Children with conduct problems generally display more hostile relations and negative forms of communication in their interactions with their parents (Edwards et al., 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Edwards et al., 2001 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Collaborative & Proactive Solutions was proposed as an alternative model to Parent Management Training for ODD, focusing on helping parents and children learn to solve problems collaboratively and proactively.

    “Greene proposed CPS as an alternative model to PMT for the treatment of ODD, focusing on helping parents and children learn to solve problems collaboratively and proactively (Greene, 1998, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Greene, 1998, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Concepts of the self and one's relationships are partly grounded in how individuals believe others perceive and will interact with them.

    “Concepts of the self and one’s relationships are partly grounded in how individuals believe others perceive and will interact with them (Cooley, 1902; Mead, 1934)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cooley, 1902

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Mead, 1934

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous research has documented the efficacy of Parent Management Training for ODD.

    “Previous research has documented the efficacy of PMT (see Brestan & Eyberg, 1998; Eyberg, Nelson, & Boggs, 2008), which focuses on improved child compliance as the primary treatment goal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Brestan & Eyberg, 1998 source
    • cites Eyberg, Nelson, & Boggs, 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    With typically developing youth, perceptions of positive relationships with parents are related to self-reports of adjustment, academic competence, and behavioral conduct.

    “with typically developing youth, perceptions of positive relationships with parents are related to self-reports of adjustment, academic competence, and behavioral conduct (Laursen & Mooney, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Laursen & Mooney, 2008 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Clinicians who provided global assessments were blinded to treatment status.

    “clinicians blinded to treatment status provided global assessments of children’s functioning and adjustment.”
    • Also stated in: § Measures · plain
      “Assessment clinicians were blinded to treatment condition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In an earlier study, Parent Management Training and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions were found to be effective and equivalent in treatment outcomes for children with oppositional defiant disorder.

    “In an earlier study, both treatments were found to be effective and equivalent in treatment outcomes (Ollendick et al., in press).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ollendick et al., in press

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    No differences in age, gender, race, family structure, parental education, family income, or comorbid conditions were observed between the two treatment conditions.

    “No differences in age, gender, race, family structure, parental education, family income, or comorbid conditions were observed between the two treatment conditions (Ollendick et al., in press).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ollendick et al., in press

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Family relationships marked by hostility and conflict are common for many children with conduct problems.

    “Family relationships marked by hostility and conflict are common for many children with conduct problems (e.g., Edwards et al., 2001; Wooton et al., 1997), though some children, to the surprise of their parents and clinicians, view the relationship with their parents in a positive light.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Edwards et al., 2001 source
    • cites Wooton et al., 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Families were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups.

    “Following pre-treatment assessments, families were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups described above.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Considering only the perspective of the child concerning the quality of the parent-child relationship is limiting and fails to incorporate important (and possibly discrepant) views from the parent.

    “In addition, we recognize that considering only the perspective of the child concerning the quality of the parent-child relationship is limiting, and fails to incorporate important (and possibly discrepant) views from the parent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    BASC rating scales have been endorsed as evidence-based instruments for assessment of conduct problems and for monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes.

    “BASC rating scales have been endorsed as evidence-based instruments for assessment of conduct problems and for monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes (Frick & McMahon, 2008; Kamphaus & Frick, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Frick & McMahon, 2008 source
    • cites Kamphaus & Frick, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These conduct problems differ from the predominantly reactive problems frequently associated with ODD, and often reflect forethought and intentional manipulation of others in the achievement of relationship goals.

    “As noted above, these conduct problems differ from the predominantly reactive problems frequently associated with ODD, and often reflect forethought and intentional manipulation of others in the achievement of relationship goals (e.g., White et al., 2013; Wolke et al., 2000; Woodworth & Waschbusch, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites White et al., 2013 source
    • cites Wolke et al., 2000 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Woodworth & Waschbusch, 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The BASC Conduct Problems subscale had acceptable internal consistency in the current sample (α = .84).

    “Internal consistency of this scale was acceptable (α = .84) in the current sample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Within this clinical sample there were minimal threats to normality for the relations with parents measure (skewness = .32; kurtosis = −.47).

    “Within this clinical sample there were minimal threats to normality (skewness = .32 (.23); kurtosis = −.47 (.46)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Other weaknesses of the study include a largely middle-class, Caucasian sample of children and the lack of longer-term follow-up on intervention effects.

    “Other weaknesses include our largely middle-class, Caucasian sample of children and the lack of longer-term follow-up on intervention effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Findings partially support the hypotheses regarding the main effects of conduct problems and children's perceptions of the parent-child relationship on ODD treatment response, and the moderating role of perceived parent-child relations on impacts of conduct problems.

    “Findings partially support our hypotheses regarding the main effects of conduct problems and children’s perceptions of the parent-child relationship on ODD treatment response, and the moderating role of perceived parent-child relations on impacts of conduct problems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Full information maximum likelihood provides minimally biased results comparable to other missing data techniques such as estimation maximization and multiple imputation.

    “FIML has been shown to provide minimally biased results that are comparable to other popular missing data techniques, such as estimation maximization and multiple imputation strategies (Enders & Bandalos, 2001; Olinksi, Chen, & Harlow, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Enders & Bandalos, 2001 source
    • cites Olinksi, Chen, & Harlow, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Full information maximum likelihood is appropriate for addressing missing data when data are missing completely at random.

    “FIML was used to address missing data in regression models and is appropriate when data is missing completely at random. This approach does not impute missing data, but provides estimates based on all available model data (Arbunkle, 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arbunkle, 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Results between ordinary least squares and full information maximum likelihood approaches were comparable.

    “Results between ordinary least squares and FIML approaches were comparable and FIML results were shown below.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Within this clinical sample there were minimal threats to normality for the conduct problems measure (skewness = −.21; kurtosis = −.44).

    “Within this clinical sample there were minimal threats to normality (skewness = −.21 (.23); kurtosis = −.44 (.45)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale ODD inventory had acceptable internal consistency at each assessment (α ≥ .90).

    “Internal consistency was acceptable at each assessment (α ≥ .90) in the current study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive parent-child relations facilitate children's compliance with adult directives (as is involved in PMT) and adult-child collaboration in solving problems (as is involved in CPS).

    “By this reasoning, positive parent-child relations facilitate children’s compliance with adult directives (as is involved in PMT) and adult-child collaboration in solving problems (as is involved in CPS).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Agreement between clinicians regarding children's primary, secondary, and tertiary diagnoses was κ = .77, .85, and .86, respectively, and κ = .89 for diagnoses of ODD.

    “Agreement between clinicians regarding children’s primary, secondary, and tertiary diagnoses were κ = .77, .85, and .86 respectively (κ = .89 for diagnoses of ODD).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We used full information maximum likelihood to incorporate all available data and reduce the impact of attrition.

    “We used full information maximum likelihood to incorporate all available data and reduce the impact of attrition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Relations with Parents subscale has been shown to be related to other adaptive reports of well-being among youth.

    “The Relations with Parents subscale has been shown to be related to other adaptive reports of well-being among youth (e.g., Gilman, Huebner, & Laughlin, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gilman, Huebner, & Laughlin, 2000 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    We used FIML approaches to handle missing data in analyses and we used multiple informants (child, parent, clinician).

    “As noted above, we also used FIML approaches to handle missing data in analyses and we used multiple informants (child, parent, clinician).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Our dropout rate was about 25%, which is lower than the approximately 50% attrition rates in many treatment studies of ODD or CD.

    “Although lower than the approximately 50% attrition rates in many treatment studies of ODD or CD (Kazdin, 2005; Murrihy et al., 2010), our dropout rate was still about 25%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kazdin, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Murrihy et al., 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Over the course of treatment, 13 participants dropped out of Parent Management Training (20.6%) and 15 participants dropped out of Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (25.0%).

    “Over the course of treatment, 13 participants dropped out of PMT (20.6%) and 15 participants dropped out of CPS (25.0%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The BASC Relations with Parents subscale had acceptable internal consistency in the current study (α = .85).

    “Internal consistency of this scale in the current study was acceptable (α = .85).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    An additional 4 participants from Parent Management Training and 4 participants from Collaborative & Proactive Solutions became unavailable for post-treatment assessment.

    “From the end of treatment to the post-treatment assessment, an additional 4 participants from the PMT condition and 4 participants from the CPS condition became unavailable for post-treatment assessment due to a variety of complications (e.g., time constraints, moved from area, not interested).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    With community samples, positive behaviors between parents and children (e.g., warmth and limited instances of conflict) and children's perceptions of high-quality relationships with parents are associated with academic performance and adjustment.

    “Yet, with community samples, positive behaviors between parents and children (e.g., warmth and limited instances of conflict) and children’s perceptions of high-quality relationships with parents are associated with academic performance and adjustment (Ingoldsby et al., 2006; Laursen & Mooney, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ingoldsby et al., 2006 source
    • cites Laursen & Mooney, 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Clinicians were trained for administration of the ADIS-C/P through a 3-hour workshop, two practice interviews with a trainer, and two live observations by supervising administrators.

    “Clinicians were trained for administration of the ADIS-C/P through a 3-hour workshop, two practice interviews with a trainer, and two live observations by supervising administrators (blinded for review).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Research has historically linked ODD and CD; children who exhibit the behaviors associated with ODD are at increased risk for the behaviors characterizing CD.

    “Research has historically linked ODD and CD; moreover, children who exhibit the behaviors associated with ODD are at increased risk for the behaviors characterizing CD (Biederman et al., 1996; Maughan et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Biederman et al., 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Maughan et al., 2004 source
43 of 43

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The perception of relationship quality with parents has been understudied among youth with ODD.

    “The perception of relationship quality with parents has been understudied among youth with ODD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This is the first study to examine child perceptions of relationship quality with parents alongside the level of conduct problems in children with ODD and to explore their associations with treatment outcomes.

    “This is the first study to examine child perceptions of relationship quality with parents alongside the level of conduct problems in children with ODD and to explore their associations with treatment outcomes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Non-comorbid ODD is rare in the real world.

    “where non-comorbid ODD is rare”
3 of 3

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentχ²(102) = 108.03reported p = .322 · recomputed p = .323

    “χ2(102) = 108.03, p = .322”

  • Consistentt(67) = 8.01reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(67) = 8.01, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(74) = 8.87reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(74) = 8.87, p < .001”

3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • High parent-child relationship category has two percentages

    Minor

    The same high-relationship category is reported as both 5.5% and 5.3%. The later statement that 53.5% reported average or high-quality relationships agrees with 5.3% plus the reported 48.2% average, not with 5.5%.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 81 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Frick, P. J., & Ellis, M. (1998). Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 149–168. · DOI
  2. Greene, R. W. (1998). The explosive child. New York: Harper Collins.
  3. Kamphaus, R. W., & Frick, P. J. (2005). Clinical assessment of children and adolescent personality and behavior. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  4. Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children for DSM-IB: Child and parent versions. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

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Authors
Booker, J. A., Ollendick, T. H., Dunsmore, J. C., & Greene, R. W.
Affiliations
  • Emory University (US)
  • Virginia Tech (US)
Corresponding author
Booker, Jordan A.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Child and Family Studies
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-11-24
Volume
25
Issue
5
Pages
1623-1633
ISSN
  • 1062-1024 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2843
DOI
10.1007/s10826-015-0323-3
PMC
PMC4894338
OpenAlex
W2174207930
Semantic Scholar
ab23837f7685270026b9e5ff6527f8afa9c36c4b
Cited by
19
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
FWCI
1.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Child and Family Studies (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH59308)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
Keywords
oppositional defiant disorder, parent-child relationship quality, conduct problems, treatment response, moderating effect, children's perceptions, parent management training, psychosocial interventions, externalizing problems, maternal report, child report

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