Think fast: rapid assessment of the effects of episodic future thinking on delay discounting in overweight/obese participants
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Accumulating laboratory-based evidence indicates that reducing delay discounting (devaluation of delayed outcomes) with the use of episodic future thinking (EFT; mental simulation of future events) improves dietary decision-making and other maladaptive behaviors. Recent work has adapted EFT for use in the natural environment to aid in dietary and weight control by engaging participants in EFT repeatedly throughout the day. These efforts may benefit from minimizing the amount of time required for measurement and implementation of EFT. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk in the present study, we show that EFT effectively reduces delay discounting in overweight/obese participants (N = 131) using the recently developed 5-trial, adjusting-delay discounting task, which can be completed rapidly (25 s) and is therefore ideally suited for ecological momentary assessment. Moreover, measures of delay discounting from this task were strongly correlated with those from the commonly used adjusting-amount task (r = .859). Significant effects of EFT on discounting, however, depended on the number of future events participants generated and imagined. Use of a range of events and future time frames (as is typical in the literature) significantly reduced delay discounting, whereas use of only a single event did not.
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When participants complete a discounting task and are prompted to imagine personal future events, they discount delayed rewards less than a control group.
“When these participants subsequently complete a discounting task and are prompted to imagine their future events, the extent to which they discount delayed rewards is reduced relative to a control group”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2017
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Zhang, H., Chen, B., & Shen, Y. (2026) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2026.102082
Exploring the use of virtual reality for episodic future thinking
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To linearize or not to linearize: That is the Mazur delay discounting question
Hinds, D., Tegge, A. N., Stein, J. S., LaConte, S. M., McClure, S. M., & Ferreira, M. A. R. (2026) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2026.103006
Self-citationSukumar, J. S., Lustberg, M. B., Stein, J. S., Schnell, P., King, J., Schimming, D., Hatfield, R., Quiroga, D. M., Davenport, A. P., Gatti-Mays, M. E., et al. (2026) · JCO oncology advances. · doi:10.1200/oa-26-00009
Self-citationApplications of episodic future thinking in patients with chronic diseases: a scoping review
Song, R., Chen, N., Huang, X., Huang, H., Wang, Y., Huang, T., Zhu, M., & 汤先萍 (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1914394
Pavlovian cues and self‐control choice: The role of unpaired training
Molano-Gallardo, J. P., & Madden, G. J. (2026) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.70152
- Authors
- Stein, J. S., Sze, Y. Y., Athamneh, L., Koffarnus, M. N., Epstein, L. H., & Bickel, W. K.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Carilion Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bickel, Warren K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2017-05-15
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 832-838
- ISSN
- 0160-7715 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3521
- PMC
- PMC5685941
- OpenAlex
- W2614898463
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1UH2DK109543-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- episodic future thinking, delay discounting, overweight, obesity, dietary decision-making, weight management, mental simulation, ecological momentary assessment, rapid assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Obesity, Thinking, Overweight, Young Adult, Delay Discounting
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