Episodic future thinking: expansion of the temporal window in individuals with alcohol dependence
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BACKGROUND: Episodic future thinking (EFT) requires an individual to vividly pre-experience a realistic future event. Inspired by previous reports of reducing delay discounting following EFT in other populations, we examined the effects of engaging alcohol-dependent individuals in EFT or episodic recent thinking (ERT; control) to examine its effects on delay discounting and alcohol purchasing. METHODS: Participants (n = 50) with alcohol dependence were allocated into EFT or ERT groups and asked to generate positive future or recent past events for each of 5 time points. Participants then completed a delay-discounting task, during which event cues were displayed, and a hypothetical alcohol purchase task. RESULTS: EFT significantly increased valuation of future monetary rewards, while decreasing initial consumption (Q0 ) of alcoholic drinks indicative of lower demand intensity. Two additional findings suggest potential moderators of this effect. EFT more readily influenced individuals with lower Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores, and self-reported cue valence differed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest a widening of alcohol-dependent individuals' temporal window following engagement of EFT. While our data suggest that EFT may be moderated by certain susceptibility criteria, exercises such as EFT could be easily adaptable as a potential therapeutic tool for use in rehabilitation programs.
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Analogous effects of episodic future thinking have been observed on consumption of hypothetical alcoholic drinks in individuals with alcohol dependency problems.
“Analogous effects have been observed on consumption of hypothetical alcoholic drinks in individuals with alcohol dependency problems (74)”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcohol use disorder, smokers, as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations.
“EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcholol use disorder [32], smokers [33], as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations [34,35].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks, self-administration of cigarettes, and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children.
“Consistent with the reinforcer pathology concept, EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks [32], self-administration of cigarettes [33], and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children [35,36].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
Episodic future thinking produces reductions in hypothetical alcohol consumption.
“hypothetical alcohol consumption (Bulley & Gullo, 2017; Snider, LaConte, & Bickel, 2016)”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Snider et al., 2016
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Acuff, S. F., Tucker, J. A., & Murphy, J. G. (2020) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000431 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Self-citationEpisodic future thinking and grocery shopping online
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The Effects of Financial Education on Impulsive Decision Making
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Evaluating Behavioral Economic Models of Heavy Drinking Among College Students
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Athamneh, L. N., DeHart, W. B., Pope, D. A., Mellis, A. M., Snider, S. E., Kaplan, B. A., & Bickel, W. K. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000460 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture-oriented mental time travel in individuals with disordered gambling
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Novel Therapeutics for Addiction: Behavioral Economic and Neuroeconomic Approaches
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Bickel, W. K., Stein, J. S., Paluch, R. A., Mellis, A. M., Athamneh, L. N., Quattrin, T., Greenawald, M. H., Bree, K. A., Gatchalian, K. M., Mastrandrea, L. D., et al. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000841 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationA Reinforcer-Pathology Model of Health Behaviors in Individuals with Obesity
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Self-citationCan episodic future thinking affect food choices?
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Neuroimaging, neuromodulation, and population health: the neuroscience of chronic disease prevention
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A behavioral economic analysis of marijuana and other drug use among heavy drinking young adults.
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A Behavioral Economic Analysis of Demand for Texting while Driving
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An ecological momentary episodic future thinking intervention on mother’s weekly food purchases.
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Imagining Events Alternative to the Present Can Attenuate Delay Discounting
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Trajectories of impulsivity by sex predict substance use and heavy drinking
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Addictive behaviors: Why and how impaired mental time matters?
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Episodic future thinking reduces chronic pain severity: A proof of concept study
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- Authors
- Snider, S. E., LaConte, S. M., & Bickel, W. K.
- Affiliations
- Carilion Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bickel, Warren K.
- Venue
- Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1558-1566
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5497459
- OpenAlex
- W2410276799
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 26.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA021529)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- episodic future thinking, alcoholism, delay discounting, alcohol purchasing, temporal window, alcohol use disorder severity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Ethanol, Alcoholism, Commerce, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Thinking, Time Factors, Young Adult, Delay Discounting
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