Unstuck in time: episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting and cigarette smoking
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Rationale Delay discounting, or the devaluation of delayed outcomes, appears to play an etiological role in tobacco and other substance-use disorders.Objectives No human studies to our knowledge have been designed to examine whether experimental reductions in delay discounting produce concomitant reduction in drug use.Methods Using methods from prior studies on delay discounting and obesity, we examined the effects of episodic future thinking (EFT; a form of mental prospection) on delay discounting and cigarette self-administration in smokers.Results Consistent with prior data, EFT significantly reduced both delay discounting (Cohen's d effect size = 0.65) and the number of cigarette puffs earned in a cigarette self-administration task (d = 0.58).Conclusions The effects of EFT on delay discounting generalize to smokers; EFT also reduces laboratory-based cigarette self-administration. Potential mechanisms of EFT's effects are discussed as well as implications of EFT for clinical treatment of substance-use disorders.
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Analogous effects of episodic future thinking have been observed on cigarette consumption in smokers.
“and on cigarette consumption in smokers (75).”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [75]
EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcohol use disorder, smokers, as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations.
“EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcholol use disorder [32], smokers [33], as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations [34,35].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks, self-administration of cigarettes, and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children.
“Consistent with the reinforcer pathology concept, EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks [32], self-administration of cigarettes [33], and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children [35,36].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
Episodic future thinking produces laboratory reductions in cigarette smoking, both hypothetical and real.
“Evidence that EFT can also positively impact health decision-making is provided by laboratory reductions in cigarette smoking (hypothetical and real; Stein, Tegge, Turner, & Bickel, 2018; Stein et al., 2016)”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2016
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Stein, J. S., Wilson, A. G., Koffarnus, M. N., Daniel, T. O., Epstein, L. H., & Bickel, W. K.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Carilion Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bickel, Warren K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2016-08-23
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 21-22
- Pages
- 3771-3778
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC9812225
- OpenAlex
- W2508490351
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 21.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA034755)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- episodic future thinking, delay discounting, cigarette smoking, substance use disorders, tobacco use, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Choice Behavior, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Administration, Smoking, Thinking, Time Factors, Delay Discounting
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