Bleak present, bright future: online episodic future thinking, scarcity, delay discounting, and food demand
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is associated with steep discounting of the future and increased food reinforcement. Episodic future thinking (EFT), a type of prospective thinking, has been observed to reduce delay discounting (DD) and improve dietary decision making. In contrast, negative income shock (i.e., abrupt transitions to poverty) has been shown to increase discounting and may worsen dietary decision making. Scalability of EFT training and protective effects of EFT against simulated negative income shock on DD and demand for food were assessed. In two experiments, we showed online-administered EFT reliably reduced DD. Furthermore, EFT reduced DD and demand for fast foods even when challenged by negative income shock. Our findings suggest EFT is a scalable intervention that has implications for improving public health by reducing discounting of the future and demand for high energy dense food.
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Engaging in episodic future thinking reduces calorie intake in female undergraduates and in overweight or obese women.
“engaging in episodic future thinking reduces calorie intake in both female undergraduates (71) and in overweight or obese women (72–73)”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [73]
The introductory passage reports that episodic future thinking reduces energy intake in laboratory and field settings, supporting the general intake claim. But the Experiment 2 General Discussion says this paper measured discounting and food reinforcement, not energy intake, and its discussion of prior intake studies does not establish the claimed findings specifically for female undergraduates or overweight or obese women. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen smokers or obese individuals were exposed to a scarcity scenario (drastic income reduction), they discounted more and drug craving and valuation of preferred foods increased.
“Conversely, when smokers or obese individuals were exposed to a scarcity scenario (drastic income reduction), they discounted more (valued the future less) and drug craving and valuation of preferred foods increased [36].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks, self-administration of cigarettes, and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children.
“Consistent with the reinforcer pathology concept, EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks [32], self-administration of cigarettes [33], and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children [35,36].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Sze, Y. Y., Stein, J. S., Bickel, W. K., Paluch, R. A., & Epstein, L. H.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Carilion Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Leonard H.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-05-02
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 683-697
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC5616131
- OpenAlex
- W2611036254
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 12.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1UH2DK109543)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (RO1 HD080292)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- episodic future thinking, delay discounting, scarcity, food demand, fast food consumption, obesity, prospective thinking, dietary decision-making, energy-dense foods, online intervention
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