A Review of the Empirical Evidence on Generational Differences in Work Attitudes
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Generational cohorts differ in their workplace values, attitudes toward authority, and expectations for leadership.
“Prior research has shown that generational cohorts differ in their workplace values, attitudes toward authority, and expectations for leadership63,64 which may influence how they engage in upward voice behaviors in response to uncertainty.”
From Leader prohibitive voice shapes employee voice through psychological safety moderated by self-efficacy and generational differences (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 · Cited by 7,678 · see citing works
Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation
Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000) · Cited by 2,395 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309352246 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
Self-citationGenerational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium
Wey Smola, K., & Sutton, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.147 · Cited by 1,657 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M. (2006) · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Self-citationA general model for the study of developmental problems.
Schaie, K. W. (1965) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0022371 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Egos inflating over time: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Keith Campbell, W., & Bushman, B. J. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009) · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Self-citationGenerational differences in work values, outcomes and person‐organisation values fit
Cennamo, L. K., & Gardner, D. H. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810904385 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810904367 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Self-citationAge and Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0504_3 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen generations collide: who they are, why they clash, how to solve the generational puzzle at work
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-6507 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Generational differences in personality and motivation
Wong, M., Gardiner, E., Lang, W., & Coulon, L. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810904376 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Kowske, B. J., Rasch, R. L., & Wiley, J. W. (2010) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9171-8 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person-organisation values fit
Cennamo, L. K., & Gardner, D. (2011) · IEEE Engineering Management Review · doi:10.1109/emr.2011.5876170 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Low, K. S. D., Yoon, M., Roberts, B. W., & Rounds, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.713 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M., & Foster, J. D. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550609355719 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationTwenge, J. M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.133 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring four generations' beliefs about career
Dries, N., Pepermans, R., & Kerpel, E. D. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810904394 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Generation X and the Public Employee
Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2000) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/009102600002900105 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Learning orientation, organizational commitment and talent retention across generations
D’Amato, A., & Herzfeldt, R. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810904402 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Malhotra, N. A., & Krosnick, J. A. (2007) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpm003 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007) · Encyclopedia of Social Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n55 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Generational differences in leader values and leadership behaviors.
Sessa, V. I., Kabacoff, R. I., Deal, J. J., & Brown, H. A. (2007) · The Psychologist-Manager Journal · doi:10.1080/10887150709336612 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
When Generations Collide: Who they are. Why they Clash. How to Solve the Generational Puzzle at Work
Kohnen, P. M. (2002) · Quality Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10686967.2002.11919040 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Not everyone gets a trophy : how to manage generation Y
Tulgan, B. (2009) · Cited by 177 · see citing works
(2023) · Management Research News · doi:10.1108/mrn · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691609357015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, J. B., Pawlowski, S. D., & Houston, A. L. (2006) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2006.11645897 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Communication Challenges in Requirements Elicitation and the Use of the Repertory Grid Technique
Davis, C. J., Fuller, R. M., Tremblay, M. C., et al. (2006) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2006.11645926 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Comparing the levels of individualism/collectivism between baby boomers and generation X
Sirias, D., Karp, H. B., & Brotherton, T. P. (2007) · Management Research News · doi:10.1108/01409170710823467 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Busch, P. A., Venkitachalam, K., & Richards, D. (2008) · Knowledge and Process Management · doi:10.1002/kpm.298 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Generation X and the boomers: organizational myths and literary realities
Appelbaum, S. H., Serena, M., & Shapiro, B. T. (2004) · Management Research News · doi:10.1108/01409170410784635 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ciriello, V. M., Dempsey, P. G., Maikala, R. V., et al. (2008) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130701733590 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dumais, S. A. (2009) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.05.010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Widely Held Attitudes to Different Generations
(2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e566012011-001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., Griffith, J. A., & Buckley, M. R. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.001 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Work values across generations
Hansen, J.-I. C., & Leuty, M. E. (2012) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072711417163 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Leadership and generations at work: A critical review
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.09.004 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Discovering the Millennials’ Personal Values Orientation: A Comparison to Two Managerial Populations
Weber, J. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2803-1 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Unanue, W., Dittmar, H., Vignoles, V. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1954 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
A trend toward Work–Life Fusion: A multi-generational shift in technology use at work
Haeger, D. L., & Lingham, T. (2014) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2014.08.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Age-related effects of job characteristics on burnout and work engagement
Ramos, R., Jenny, G., & Bauer, G. (2016) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqv172 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Weber, J. (2019) · Business & Society · doi:10.1177/0007650317726985 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Tian, X., Chae, H., Song, D., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17500-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Prior research has shown that generational cohorts differ in their workplace values, attitudes toward authority, and expectations for leadership 63,64 which may influence how they engage in upward voice behaviors in response to uncertainty.”
- Authors
- Twenge, J. M.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Twenge, Jean M.
- ORCID
- Twenge, Jean M.
- Venue
- Journal of Business and Psychology
- Published
- 2010-02-18
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-210
- ISSN
- 0889-3268 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-353X
- OpenAlex
- W2082887644
- Cited by
- 946
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 53.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Business and Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Generational Differences and Trends
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Keywords
- generational differences, work values, work attitudes, Generation X, millennials, baby boomers, intrinsic work values, extrinsic work values, altruistic values, individualism, work-life balance, job stability, job hopping, employee retention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
