Egos inflating over time: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Abstract
A cross-temporal meta-analysis found that narcissism levels have risen over the generations in 85 samples of American college students who completed the 40-item forced-choice Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) between 1979 and 2006 (total n=16,475). Mean narcissism scores were significantly correlated with year of data collection when weighted by sample size (beta=.53, p<.001). Since 1982, NPI scores have increased 0.33 standard deviation. Thus, almost two-thirds of recent college students are above the mean 1979-1985 narcissism score, a 30% increase. The results complement previous studies finding increases in other individualistic traits such as assertiveness, agency, self-esteem, and extraversion.
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- Authors
- Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Keith Campbell, W., & Bushman, B. J.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of South Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Twenge, Jean M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-07-08
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 875-902
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2018401481
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 7.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- narcissism, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, cross-temporal trends, generational change, university students, individualism, self-esteem, extraversion, assertiveness, agency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ego, Female, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Narcissism, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Students, Time Factors, United States
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