Amazon mechanical Turk in organizational psychology: an evaluation and practical recommendations
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Concerns remain regarding data quality in crowdsourced research, particularly in educational psychology where sustained cognitive engagement is essential.
“However, concerns remain regarding data quality—particularly in educational psychology, where sustained cognitive engagement is essential (Hauser et al., 2019; Cheung et al., 2017).”
From Testing the testing effect on prolific: when retrieval practice fails to boost learning (2026) · cites this paper as Cheung et al., 2017
Cites
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 · Cited by 82,194 · see citing works
Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452 · Cited by 15,744 · see citing works
(2002) · Cited by 13,211 · see citing works
The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641 · see citing works
Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393980 · Cited by 9,996 · see citing works
WEIRD languages have misled us, too
Majid, A., & Levinson, S. C. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1000018x · Cited by 4,169 · see citing works
Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk
Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057 · Cited by 4,008 · see citing works
Identifying careless responses in survey data.
Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0028085 · Cited by 3,865 · see citing works
Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk
Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500002205 · Cited by 3,767 · see citing works
Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power
Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009 · Cited by 3,493 · see citing works
Method Variance in Organizational Research: Truth or Urban Legend?
Spector, P. E. (2006) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428105284955 · Cited by 3,445 · see citing works
Conducting behavioral research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk
Mason, W., & Suri, S. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6 · Cited by 3,172 · see citing works
Inside the Turk: Understanding Mechanical Turk as a Participant Pool
Paolacci, G., & Chandler, J. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414531598 · Cited by 2,136 · see citing works
Hauser, D. J., & Schwarz, N. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0578-z · Cited by 1,739 · see citing works
Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk
Peer, E., Vosgerau, J., & Acquisti, A. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0434-y · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
Evaluating amazon’s mechanical turk as a tool for experimental behavioral research
Crump, M. J. C., McDonnell, J. V., & Gureckis, T. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057410 · Cited by 1,617 · see citing works
The Online Laboratory: Conducting Experiments in a Real Labor Market∗Preprint
Zeckhauser, R. J. (2016) · Cited by 1,454 · see citing works
Detecting and Deterring Insufficient Effort Responding to Surveys
Huang, J. L. W., Curran, P. G., Keeney, J., Poposki, E. M., & DeShon, R. P. (2011) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9231-8 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Using Mechanical Turk to Study Clinical Populations
Shapiro, D. N., Chandler, J., & Mueller, P. A. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612469015 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
The viability of crowdsourcing for survey research
Behrend, T. S., Sharek, D. J., Meade, A. W., & Wiebe, E. (2011) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0081-0 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Chandler, J., Mueller, P., & Paolacci, G. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0365-7 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Landers, R. N., & Behrend, T. S. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.13 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Best practice recommendations for data screening
DeSimone, J. A., Harms, P. D., & DeSimone, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1962 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Factors Defined by Negatively Keyed Items: The Result of Careless Respondents?
Schmitt, N., & Stuits, D. M. (1985) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168500900405 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Seriousness checks are useful to improve data validity in online research
Aust, F., Diedenhofen, B., Ullrich, S., & Musch, J. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0265-2 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Demographics of Mechanical Turk
Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010) · Faculty Digital Archive (New York University Florence) · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Sprouse, J. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-010-0039-7 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Insufficient effort responding: Examining an insidious confound in survey data.
Huang, J. L. W., Liu, M., & Bowling, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038510 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
A reliability analysis of Mechanical Turk data
Rouse, S. V. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.004 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Careless Responding to Reverse-Worded Items: Implications for Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Woods, C. M. (2006) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-005-9004-7 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Implications of direct and indirect range restriction for meta-analysis methods and findings.
Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Le, H. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.594 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Huang, J. L. W., Bowling, N. A., Liu, M., & Li, Y. (2014) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9357-6 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The average laboratory samples a population of 7,300 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers
Stewart, N., Ungemach, C., Harris, A. J. L., Bartels, D. M., Newell, B. R., Paolacci, G., & Chandler, J. (2015) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005611 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Creating Speech and Language Data With Amazon’s Mechanical Turk
Callison-Burch, C., & Dredze, M. H. (2010) · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Evidence for response bias as a source of error variance in applied assessment.
McGrath, R. E., Mitchell, M., Kim, B. H., & Hough, L. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019216 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist
(2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e578882011-001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
A mazon Mechanical Turk and the commodification of labour
Bergvall‐Kåreborn, B., & Howcroft, D. (2014) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12038 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
A convenient solution: Using MTurk to sample from hard-to-reach populations
Smith, N. A., Sabat, I. E., Martinez, L. R., Weaver, K., & Xu, S. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.29 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Using Nonnaive Participants Can Reduce Effect Sizes
Chandler, J., Paolacci, G., Peer, E., Mueller, P., & Ratliff, K. A. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615585115 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
How Careless Responding and Acquiescence Response Bias Can Influence Construct Dimensionality
Kam, C. C. S., & Meyer, J. P. (2015) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428115571894 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
eLancing: A review and research agenda for bridging the science–practice gap
Aguinis, H., & Lawal, S. O. (2012) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.06.003 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Inattentive responding in MTurk and other online samples
Fleischer, A., Mead, A. D., & Huang, J. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.25 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Bergman, M., & Jean, V. A. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.70 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Social desirability bias and self-reports of motivation
Antin, J., & Shaw, A. (2012) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208699 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Using Nonnaive Participants Can Reduce Effect SizesPreprint
Chandler, J., Paolacci, G., Péer, E., Mueller, P. A., & Ratliff, K. A. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Roulin, N. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.24 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Caution! MTurk Workers Ahead—Fines Doubled
Harms, P. D., & DeSimone, J. A. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.23 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Conducting field experiments using eLancing's natural environment
Aguinis, H., & Lawal, S. O. (2012) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.01.002 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Woo, S. E., Keith, M. G., & Thornton, M. A. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.21 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Internet Panels, Professional Respondents, and Data Quality
Matthijsse, S. M., de Leeuw, E. D., & Hox, J. J. (2015) · Methodology · doi:10.1027/1614-2241/a000094 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
McGonagle, A. K., Huang, J. L. W., & Walsh, B. M. (2015) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12058 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Stone‐Romero, E. F. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12169-002 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Fifty Days an MTurk Worker: The Social and Motivational Context for Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers
Schmidt, G. B. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.20 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Building and developing the organization
Zedeck, S. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Difference in Response Effort Across Sample Types: Perception or Reality?
Ran, S., Liu, M., Marchiondo, L. A., & Huang, J. L. W. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.26 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The New Fruit Fly for Applied Psychological Research
Highhouse, S., & Zhang, D. C. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.22 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stop Apologizing for Your Samples, Start Embracing Them
Zhu, X., Barnes-Farrell, J. L., & Dalal, D. K. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.30 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Participant Motivation: A Critical Consideration
McGonagle, A. K. (2015) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.27 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Data quality of platforms and panels for online behavioral research
Peer, E., Rothschild, D., Gordon, A., Evernden, Z., & Damer, E. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01694-3 · Cited by 1,718 · see citing works
Keith, M. G., Tay, L., & Harms, P. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01359 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Montani, F., Vandenberghe, C., Khedhaouria, A., & Courcy, F. (2020) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726718819055 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Brühlmann, F., Petralito, S., Aeschbach, L. F., & Opwis, K. (2020) · Methods in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.metip.2020.100022 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: Relations with mental health and quality of life.
Shamblaw, A. L., Rumas, R. L., & Best, M. W. (2021) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000263 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Sorkin, D. H., Janio, E. A., Eikey, E. V., Schneider, M., Davis, K., Schueller, S. M., Stadnick, N. A., Zheng, K., Neary, M., Safani, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26994 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hunt, C. A., Hoffman, M. A., Mohr, J. J., & Williams, A.-L. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01308-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Systems-Based Approach to Fostering Robust Science in Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Grand, J. A., Rogelberg, S. G., Allen, T. D., Landis, R. S., Reynolds, D. H., Scott, J. C., Tonidandel, S., & Truxillo, D. M. (2018) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2017.55 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wörtler, B., Van Yperen, N. W., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09775-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ramakrishnan, S., Robbins, T. W., & Zmigrod, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.865896 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Testing the testing effect on prolific: when retrieval practice fails to boost learning
Sigayret, K., Parmentier, J.-F., & Silvestre, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1727423
- Authors
- Cheung, J. H., Burns, D. K., Sinclair, R. R., & Sliter, M.
- Affiliations
- Clemson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cheung, Janelle H.
- Venue
- Journal of Business and Psychology
- Published
- 2016-06-29
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 347-361
- ISSN
- 0889-3268 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-353X
- OpenAlex
- W2467911159
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 40.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Business and Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- Amazon Mechanical Turk, crowdsourcing, online data collection, construct validity, statistical conclusion validity, generalizability, internal validity, sample quality, research recommendations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review