Relationship between multiple sources of perceived social support and psychological and academic adjustment in early adolescence: comparisons across gender
Abstract
The current study investigated gender differences in the relationship between sources of perceived support (parent, teacher, classmate, friend, school) and psychological and academic adjustment in a sample of 636 (49% male) middle school students. Longitudinal data were collected at two time points in the same school year. The study provided psychometric support for the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (Malecki et al., A working manual on the development of the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (2000). Unpublished manuscript, Northern Illinois University, 2003) across gender, and demonstrated gender differences in perceptions of support in early adolescence. In addition, there were significant associations between all sources of support with depressive symptoms, anxiety, self-esteem, and academic adjustment, but fewer significant unique effects of each source. Parental support was a robust unique predictor of adjustment for both boys and girls, and classmates' support was a robust unique predictor for boys. These results illustrate the importance of examining gender differences in the social experience of adolescents with careful attention to measurement and analytic issues.
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Fewer studies have demonstrated relations between perceived social support and anxiety, but observed effects parallel findings with depression.
“Fewer studies have demonstrated these relations with anxiety as well, but the observed effects parallel the findings with depression.16–20”
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- Authors
- Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rueger, Sandra Yu
- Venue
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
- Published
- 2008-12-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-61
- ISSN
- 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6601
- OpenAlex
- W2078751987
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 27.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- perceived social support, sources of support, gender differences, early adolescence, junior high school students, psychological adjustment, academic adjustment, depressive symptoms, anxiety, self-esteem, parental support, peer support, teacher support
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment, Social Perception, Social Support, Students, United States
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