Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships Between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use, and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood

May combine two claims.

Loneliness positively predicted both passive and active public Facebook use, yet their longitudinal effects differed: active use led to positive outcomes, while passive use led to negative outcomes.

“although loneliness positively predicted both adolescents' passive Facebook use and active public Facebook use, the longitudinal impact of using Facebook in these ways significantly differed.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain

  “Whereas active Facebook use leads to positive outcomes in the long run, passive Facebook use revealed a more harmful impact on adolescents' well-being.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain

  “although loneliness stimulates both the posting and reading of wall posts, the impact of using Facebook in such ways is anything but similar, with posting leading to positive outcomes and reading leading to negative outcomes.”

May combine two claims.

Perceived friend support at Time 2 negatively predicted depressed mood, both directly and indirectly via avoidant coping.

“which in turn, both directly and indirectly through avoidant coping, negatively predicted adolescents' depressed mood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Passive coping, but not active coping, mediates the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms in adolescents.

“For example, Vanhalst et al. (2012) showed that passive coping, but not active coping, mediated the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms.”

• cites Vanhalst et al. (2012)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Facebook users are likely to differ in the level of publicness of their interactions.

“Given these possibilities, it is likely to expect differences between Facebook users with respect to the level of publicness of”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Uses and Gratifications theory argues that audiences actively select media and media content to satisfy individual needs.

“This approach argues that audiences actively select media and media content to satisfy their individual needs.”

• cites Katz et al., 1973Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Facebook can distract users from daily distress because it offers possibilities to passively fill time, and may therefore especially attract lonely individuals.

“As found for television use, Facebook could be similarly capable of distracting users from their daily distress (Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011) because it offers users a wide range of possibilities to passively fill their time and could, therefore, especially attract lonely individuals.”

• cites Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Uses and Gratifications theory examines how individuals use media, including social media, to fulfill personal needs.

“U&G theory examines how individuals use media, including social media, to fulfill their personal needs.”

• cites Katz et al., 1973Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Facebook is the most popular and frequently used social media platform among adolescents.

“with Facebook being the most popular and frequently used social media platform among teens.”

• cites Lenhart, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The mixed findings on social media outcomes may be further explained by previous studies focusing on direct effects rather than indirect pathways.

“In addition, the mixed findings with regard to the potential outcomes of adolescents' social media use could be further explained by the focus of previous studies on direct social media effects.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ryan and Xenos reported a positive correlation between loneliness and Internet users' preferences for passive engagement on Facebook.

“For example, Ryan and Xenos (2011) reported a positive correlation between loneliness and Internet users' preferences for passive engagement on Facebook (e.g., groups, fan pages).”

• cites Ryan and Xenos (2011)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Researchers disagree about what predicts and results from adolescents' Facebook use.

“Although researchers agree that SNSs are widely integrated into young people's lives, scholars disagree about the predictors and outcomes of the adolescents' Facebook use.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Time on Facebook can be filled by interacting in public, semi-public, or private settings.

“First, time on Facebook can be filled by interacting with other Facebook users in a public setting (e.g., sharing a photo with all Facebook friends), a semi-public setting (e.g., sharing a photo with a specific group of Facebook friends) or a private setting (i.e., chatting with a specific Facebook friend).”

May combine two claims.

Lonely adolescents often struggle with identity and self-concept and report lower perceived social competence.

“Second, studies have reported that lonely adolescents often struggle with their identity and self-concept (e.g., Sippola & Bukowski, 1999) and report lower levels of perceived social competence (e.g., DiTommaso, Brannen-McNulty, Ross, & Burgess, 2003).”

• cites Sippola & Bukowski, 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites DiTommaso, Brannen-McNulty, Ross, & Burgess, 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Loneliness and depressive symptoms are interrelated but conceptually distinct.

“Although studies have demonstrated that loneliness and depressive symptoms are interrelated, they are conceptually distinct (Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006), with loneliness being a more consistent predictor of depressive symptoms than vice versa (Vanhalst et al., 2012).”

• cites Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Vanhalst et al., 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Lonely people tend to passively cope with their loneliness because they believe they are powerless to change their situation and thus avoid the problem.

“According to the literature review of Heinrich and Gullone (2006), lonely people tend to passively cope with their feelings of loneliness because they tend to believe that they are powerless to change their situation and are thus more likely to avoid the problem.”

• cites Heinrich and Gullone (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Avoidant coping has frequently been examined as an outcome of loneliness and a predictor of depressive symptoms.

“Avoidant coping (i.e., cognitive or behavioral attempts to deny and minimize the problem) in particular has frequently been examined as an outcome of loneliness (e.g., Heinrich & Gullone, 2006) and a predictor of depressive symptoms (e.g., Calvete, Camara, Estevez, & Villardón, 2011).”

• cites Heinrich & Gullone, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Calvete, Camara, Estevez, & Villardón, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Individuals with high loneliness may seek different gratifications from media than people who do not have to cope with loneliness.

“For example, individuals with specific psychological characteristics, such as a high level of loneliness, could seek different gratifications from the media compared with people who do not have to cope with feelings of loneliness.”

May combine two claims.

Lonely individuals perceive themselves as incapable of changing their situation and prefer avoidant coping over problem-focused coping.

“First, research has shown that lonely individuals perceive themselves as being incapable of changing their situation (e.g., Heinrich & Gullone, 2006) and thus prefer avoidant coping strategies rather than problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., Vanhalst et al., 2012).”

• cites Heinrich & Gullone, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Vanhalst et al., 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Greater loneliness is associated with higher levels of passive television use.

“Early research found that greater loneliness was associated with higher levels of passive television use (e.g., Perse & Rubin, 1990).”

• cites Perse & Rubin, 1990Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

College students who were anxious or felt fear in face-to-face communication used Facebook more to pass time and relieve lonely feelings.

“Sheldon (2008) found that college students who were anxious or felt fear in their face-to-face communication used Facebook more to pass time and relieve their lonely feelings.”

• cites Sheldon (2008)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Facebook offers users a wide variety of opportunities, ranging from wall posting to news-feed reading.

“Facebook, however, offers their users a wide variety of opportunities, which range from wall posting to news-feed reading (e.g., Burke, 2011).”

• cites Burke, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Social comparison theory holds that individuals are driven to evaluate their opinions and abilities and, absent an objective base, compare with similar others.

“According to this theory, individuals are driven by a desire to evaluate their opinions and abilities.In the absence of an objective base for comparison, this self-evaluation motive is served through comparison with (similar) others.”

• cites Festinger, 1954Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Social support perceptions play an important role in maintaining individuals' psychological health because they can directly or indirectly, through coping strategy, decrease depressive symptoms.

“Furthermore, we expect that social support perceptions play an important role in maintaining individuals' psychological health because they can either directly or indirectly, through the choice of a specific coping strategy, decrease individuals' depressive symptoms.”

May combine two claims.

When social support is needed, some adolescents turn to close ties, while others may turn to weak ties because weak ties are expected to have more experience and information about certain problems.

“More specifically, when social support is needed, some adolescents turn to close ties, such as friends or family (Bokhorst, Sumter, & Westenberg, 2010), but others might turn to weak ties because they are expected to have more experience and information about certain problems compared with strong ties.”

• cites Bokhorst, Sumter, & Westenberg, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Walther's hyperpersonal model argues that reduced cues of computer-mediated communication allow users to carefully select information they present.

“This model argues that the reduced cues of CMC allow users to carefully select information that they prefer to present.”

• cites Walther's (1996)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A Facebook network consists of both strong and weak ties, making Facebook a perfect source of social support when needed.

“Given that a Facebook network consists of both strong and weak ties, Facebook is a perfect source of social support when such support is needed (Frison & Eggermont, 2015a).”

• cites Frison & Eggermont, 2015aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: A Facebook network consists of both strong and weak ties.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Broadcasting and association could increase adolescents' social support perceptions.

“We believe that this broadcasting and association could increase adolescents' social support perceptions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some studies reported positive associations between time spent on Facebook, Facebook intensity, having a family member on Facebook, and young people's perceived social support, while others found no support for such a relationship.

“Although some have reported positive associations between the time spent on Facebook (Akbulut & Günüç, 2012), Facebook intensity (Liu & Yu, 2013), having a family member on Facebook (Vitak, Ellison, & Steinfield, 2011) and young people's level of perceived social support, others have found no empirical support for such a relationship (Oh, Ozkaya, & LaRose, 2014).”

• cites Akbulut & Günüç, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Liu & Yu, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Vitak, Ellison, & Steinfield, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Public Facebook features are expected to especially attract lonely individuals because lonely individuals often show social skills deficits and value time to select and edit posts.

“Therefore, public Facebook features are expected to especially attract lonely individuals because these individuals often show deficits in social skills (e.g., Schinka, Van Dulmen, Mata, Bossarte, & Swahn, 2013) and therefore find it highly important to have ample time to select what to post and to have the possibility to edit this information, once it has been posted.”

• cites Schinka, Van Dulmen, Mata, Bossarte, & Swahn, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Public Facebook conversations are asynchronous.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited after they are sent.

May combine two claims.

Facebook communication, social information-seeking behaviors, and public posting of mobilization requests are positively associated with individuals' social capital.

“Research has shown that Facebook communication (Burke, 2011), social information-seeking behaviors on Facebook (Ellison et al., 2011), and the public posting of mobilization requests on Facebook (Ellison et al., 2014) are positively associated with individuals' social capital.”

• cites Burke, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ellison et al., 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ellison et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Facebook affordances can affect users' social support perceptions.

“Scholars (e.g., Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2011;Ellison & Vitak, 2015;Vitak & Ellison, 2012) argue that these Facebook affordances could, in turn, affect users' social support perceptions.”

• cites Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ellison & Vitak, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Vitak & Ellison, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several studies have reported a negative relationship between nonsocial social networking site use and young people's well-being.

“Although several studies have reported a negative relationship between nonsocial SNS use and young people's well-being (e.g., Wang, Jackson, Gaskin, & Wang, 2014), the relationship between passive Facebook use and individuals' social support perceptions is less clear.”

• cites Wang, Jackson, Gaskin, & Wang, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Broadcasting and association, typical of active Facebook use, might lower barriers to connecting with strong and weak ties, which could positively affect social support perceptions.

“We therefore suggest that broadcasting and association, which are typical for active Facebook use, might lower the barriers for connecting with strong and/or weak ties, which in turn could positively affect users' perceptions of social support.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The public Facebook platform can offer lonely users opportunities to satisfy identity and self-presentation needs.

“We argue that the public Facebook platform can offer lonely users new opportunities for satisfying these specific needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The baseline sample was 55% boys and 45% girls, with a mean age of 14.30 years (SD = 1.43).

“At baseline, 55% of the participants were boys, and 45% were girls, with a mean age of 14.30 years (SD = 1.43).”

May combine two claims.

Perceiving social support could facilitate adaptive coping, which in turn could enhance adolescents' well-being.

“In addition, perceiving social support could also indirectly heighten adolescents' wellbeing, as scholars (e.g., Aldwin, 2007) have suggested that perceiving social support could facilitate adaptive coping, which in turn could enhance adolescents' well-being.”

• cites Aldwin, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Incorporating antecedents and outcomes into a single comprehensive model might offer a better representation of the data compared with considering single processes alone.

“because incorporating antecedents and outcomes into a single comprehensive model might offer a better representation of the data compared with considering single processes alone.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The study used a two-wave panel design with a 6-month interval among adolescents aged 12 to 19.

“A two-wave panel study with a 6-month interval was conducted among 12-to 19year-old adolescents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Baseline questionnaires were completed by 1,866 students, and 1,840 students took part in wave 2.

“A total of 1,866 students completed the questionnaire at baseline, and 1,840 students participated in wave 2.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The hyperpersonal model suggests that asynchronous computer-mediated communication allows time to compose and edit information.

“The hyperpersonal model (Walther, 1996) further suggests that the asynchronous nature of CMC allows time to compose and edit information.”

• cites Walther, 1996Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study procedures were approved by the host university's institutional review board.

“Approval for the study procedures was received from the institutional review board of the host university.”

May combine two claims.

Public Facebook conversations are asynchronous and allow users to think over, select, and edit posts, whereas private messages cannot be edited after sending.

“The asynchrony of public Facebook conversations allows users to carefully think over and select what to post as well as to edit this information after it has been posted, whereas messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited once they have been sent.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Public Facebook conversations are asynchronous.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited after they are sent.

May combine two claims.

Some Facebook affordances may harm social support perceptions while others may increase them.

“We, however, especially believe that while some Facebook affordances could enable users to passively use Facebook and could thus harm their perceptions of social support, other affordances could enable users to actively use Facebook to request social support, which could increase their perceptions of social support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior studies on the relationship between Facebook use and adolescents' perceived social support have reported inconsistent findings.

“However, prior studies that address the relationship between Facebook use and adolescents' perceptions of social support have reported rather inconsistent findings.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Passive Facebook activities enable users to access and search Facebook content, while active use facilitates visibility and broadcasting of edited content and connects users.

“While passive Facebook activities could enable users to easily access and search Facebook content, actively using Facebook could facilitate the visibility and broadcasting of (edited) Facebook content, which could connect users with each other.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to the main effects model of social support, social support perceptions can directly enhance an individual's sense of well-being regardless of the amount of stress experienced.

“According to the main effects model of social support (Cohen & Wills, 1985), social support perceptions can directly enhance an individual's sense of well-being, regardless of the experienced amount of stress.”

• cites Cohen & Wills, 1985Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Both waves were completed by 1,612 students, which was 86% of the first wave.

“A total of 1,612 students completed the questionnaire for both waves (86% of the first wave).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Empirical evidence reports a significant impact of general types of Facebook use on individuals' levels of perceived social support.

“Despite empirical evidence that reports that there is a significant impact of general types of Facebook use on individuals' levels of perceived social support (e.g., Akbulut & Günüç, 2012;Liu & Yu, 2013), few studies have investigated the specific impact of passive Facebook use.”

• cites Akbulut & Günüç, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Liu & Yu, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A similar impact of active Facebook use on teens' perceived level of social support is likely.

“a similar impact of active Facebook use on teens' perceived level of social support is likely.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Passive Facebook consumption is negatively related to bridging social capital but unrelated to users' levels of social support.

“While Facebook users' passive consumption was found to be negatively related to bridging social capital (Burke, Marlow, & Lento, 2010;Burke, 2011), this passive Facebook use was unrelated to users' levels of social support (Burke, 2011).”

• cites Burke, Marlow, & Lento, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Burke, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Status updating and wall posting can help lonely adolescents improve well-being, but only when their posts receive positive public feedback.

“These findings reveal that status updating and wall posting are valuable Facebook tools for lonely adolescents to improve their well-being, under the condition that their posts are accompanied by positive public feedback.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Missing values were handled with multiple imputation.

“Given that the bootstrapping method does not allow the sample to include missing values, multiple imputation was performed (Honaker & King, 2010).”

• cites Honaker & King, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Baseline gender, age, and daily Facebook time were included as predictors of all hypothesized endogenous variables.

“We controlled for the baseline values of the participants' gender, age, and daily time spent on Facebook, by adding them as predictors for all of the hypothesized endogenous variables in our model (i.e., types of Facebook activities at Time 1, perceived friend support at Time 2, avoidant coping at Time 2 and depressed mood at Time 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All constructs were assessed via self-report, which may underestimate well-being and introduce shared method variance.

“all of our constructs were measured with self-reports, which could underestimate the participants' actual well-being and could cause shared method variance.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

de Jong-Gierveld distinguished emotional and social loneliness, whereas DiTommaso and Spinner identified family, romantic, and social loneliness.

“de Jong-Gierveld (1987) distinguished between emotional and social loneliness, whereas DiTommaso and Spinner (1993) identified family, romantic and social loneliness.”

• cites de Jong-Gierveld, 1987Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites DiTommaso & Spinner, 1993Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Loneliness is conceptualized as a multidimensional phenomenon.

“Various scholars (e.g., DiTommaso & Spinner, 1993) conceptualized loneliness as a multidimensional phenomenon.”

• cites DiTommaso & Spinner, 1993Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Prior empirical work found that negative feedback lowered adolescents' well-being, while positive feedback raised their social capital.

“These findings are also in line with empirical studies that show that negative feedback decreased adolescents' well-being (e.g., Valkenburg et al., 2006), while positive feedback enhanced adolescents' social capital (e.g., Lee et al., 2014).”

• cites Valkenburg et al., 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lee et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Even though loneliness was not significantly linked to active private Facebook use, active private use did positively predict perceived friend support over six months.

“Taken together, although no support was found for a significant association between loneliness and adolescents' active private Facebook use, the findings did reveal a positive impact of active private Facebook use on adolescents' perceptions of friend support over a period of 6 months.”

May combine two claims.

The scale's item factor loadings were satisfactory (range .549-.947) and no crossloadings were reported.

“were satisfactory, ranging between .549 and .947.No crossloadings were reported.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Only respondents with a Facebook account at both waves (89%, N = 1,423) were analyzed.

“we only included the 89% of respondents (N = 1,423) who had a Facebook account at Time 1 and Time 2 in our analyses.”

May combine two claims.

The positive link between Time 1 private Facebook interaction and Time 2 perceived friend support matched the expectation that private features enable broadcasting and association, strengthening ties and making it easier to seek support.

“This finding was in line with our expectations that private Facebook features (i.e., private or instant messaging) can facilitate broadcasting (i.e., the ability to distribute content) and association (i.e., the ability to connect), which in turn could stimulate connections with strong and weak ties, subsequently facilitating the request for social support when needed and thus positively impacting”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Variation in publicness likely exists within Facebook users and may depend on what they aim to communicate.

“Therefore, differences are also likely to occur within Facebook users and may depend on the content of what the user aims to communicate.”

• Also stated in: § Limitations · hedged

  “users could vary in their level of publicness for their Facebook profile and Facebook communication.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The level of publicness of Facebook communication can be easily managed because users can switch between private and public platforms and restrict visibility.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study cannot exclude the possibility that additional mediators or moderators influence the relationships examined.

“the study is limited by the fact that we cannot rule out that other mediators or moderators could modulate our hypothesized relationships.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Other loneliness types may be stronger predictors of active private Facebook use than emotional loneliness.

“The insignificant relationship between emotional loneliness and active private Facebook use might therefore suggest that other types of loneliness could be more relevant predictors of adolescents' active private Facebook use than emotional loneliness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The two items measuring positive public Facebook feedback correlated significantly but modestly (r = .39, p < .001).

“Next, the item scores were summed and divided by the total number of items (r = .39,p < .001) .”

May combine two claims.

The observed associations would likely be stronger without attrition, since participants who dropped out were more lonely, less supported, and more depressed.

“our current associations would likely be even stronger when attrition would be absent because the participants who dropped out were more lonely, perceived less social support and felt more depressed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Private Facebook settings can provide adolescents with a safe and confidential space.

“In addition, a private Facebook setting can offer adolescent users a safe and confidential environment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Prior values of perceived friend support, avoidant coping, and depressed mood were also included as controls.

“Furthermore, we added prior values as control variables.More specifically, perceived friend support at Time 1 predicted the perceived friend support at Time 2, avoidant coping at Time 1 predicted the avoidant coping at Time 2, and depressed mood at Time 1 predicted the depressed mood at Time 2.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The null relationship between loneliness and active private Facebook use may stem from the study's focus on emotional loneliness.

“This insignificant relationship between loneliness and adolescents' active private Facebook use could be because we focused on a specific type of loneliness, i.e., emotional loneliness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior research has documented similar patterns of attrition.

“similar patterns of attrition have been examined in prior studies (de Graaf, Bijl, Smit, Ravelli, & Vollebergh, 2000).”

• cites de Graaf, Bijl, Smit, Ravelli, & Vollebergh, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The operationalization of public Facebook use did not account for varying levels of publicness.

“A fourth limitation refers to the lack of focus on the level of publicness in the operationalization of the measurement of public Facebook use.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Status updates posted on a private Facebook profile are semi-public, whereas those posted on a public profile are fully public.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The level of publicness of Facebook communication can be easily managed because users can switch between private and public platforms and restrict visibility.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Ryan and Xenos found a negative correlation between social loneliness and preference for active social contributions on Facebook, but no significant associations with romantic or family loneliness.

“Ryan and Xenos (2011) reported a significant negative correlation between social loneliness and the preference for active social contributions on Facebook, but nonsignificant associations with romantic and family loneliness.”

• cites Ryan and Xenos, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Loneliness may relate differently to various Facebook activities, which in turn may have differing effects on adolescent well-being.

“Loneliness could be differently related to adolescents' Facebook activities, which in turn could differently predict adolescents' wellbeing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Friends and family are key sources of social support.

“Friends and family members are important sources of social support (Bokhorst et al., 2010).”

• cites Bokhorst et al., 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The study adds to the literature by showing that Time 1 public Facebook use predicted receiving positive feedback, which in turn predicted higher Time 2 perceived friend support.

“the present study adds to the current literature by showing that public Facebook use at Time 1 positively predicted the receiving of positive feedback at Time 1, which in turn enhanced adolescents' perceptions of friend support at Time 2.”