Happiness and depression in the traditionally bullied and cyberbullied 12-year-old
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This study investigated the overall happiness, school-related happiness, and depression of traditionally bullied and cyberbullied 12-year-old Finnish students. Among the more than 700 participants, traditional bullying (26%) was more frequent than cyberbullying (18%). Receiving insulting text messages or being the subject of offensive comments on the Internet were the most common forms of cyberbullying. Often those who were cyberbullied were also victims of traditional bullying (the poly-victimized comprised 11% of all participants). We found no differences between genders in traditional bullying rates, but cyberbullying was more common among girls. Being victimized, in either form, was related to a decrease in all measures of psychological well-being, with the poly-victimized scoring the lowest. In particular, being victimized predicted depression, with the poly-victimized scoring the highest. The results indicate a clear need to intervene in early adolescents’ culture of communicating via electronic devices and especially to identify victims of bullying in both the real and cyberworld.
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Females may interpret online comments as hurtful more quickly than males, contributing to higher reported victimization and overrepresentation in cyberbullying research.
“Furthermore, females may interpret online comments as hurtful more quickly than males139, contributing to higher reported levels of victimization and may, therefore, be overrepresented in cyberbullying research140,141.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [139]
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Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., Hartanto, A., Chen, C. H. Y., Tong, E. M. W., & Majeed, N. M. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-02011-6 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
- Authors
- Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., & Lehto, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- Open Review of Educational Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-51
- ISSN
- 2326-5507 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2325186851
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Open Review of Educational Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, traditional bullying, bullying victimization, depression, happiness, psychological well-being, polyvictimization, early adolescents, gender differences, online comments, bullying intervention
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