Age at autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis by race, ethnicity, and primary household language among children with special health care needs, United States, 2009–2010.

Jo, Heejoo; Schieve, Laura A.; Rice, Catherine E.; Yeargin-Allsopp, Marshalyn; Tian, Lin H.; Blumberg, Stephen J.; Kogan, Michael D.; Boyle, Coleen A.

doi:10.1007/s10995-015-1683-4

Cited by 116Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesFamily and Disability Support Research

Age at autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis by race, ethnicity, and primary household language among children with special health care needs, United States, 2009–2010.

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Jo, Heejoo, Schieve, Laura A., Rice, Catherine E., Yeargin-Allsopp, Marshalyn, Tian, Lin H., Blumberg, Stephen J., Kogan, Michael D., Boyle, Coleen A.·2015·Maternal and Child Health Journal

DOI 10.1007/s10995-015-1683-4PMC PMC4500845

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Abstract

We examined prevalence of diagnosed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and age at diagnosis according to child's race/ethnicity and primary household language. From the 2009-2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, we identified 2729 3-17-year-old US children whose parent reported a current ASD diagnosis. We compared ASD prevalence, mean diagnosis age, and percentage with later diagnoses (≥5 years) across racial/ethnic/primary household language groups: non-Hispanic-white, any language (NHW); non-Hispanic-black, any language (NHB); Hispanic-any-race, English (Hispanic-English); and Hispanic-any-race, other language (Hispanic-Other). We assessed findings by parent-reported ASD severity level and adjusted for family sociodemographics. ASD prevalence estimates were 15.3 (NHW), 10.4 (NHB), 14.1 (Hispanic-English), and 5.2 (Hispanic-Other) per 1000 children. Mean diagnosis age was comparable across racial/ethnic/language groups for 3-4-year-olds. For 5-17-year-olds, diagnosis age varied by race/ethnicity/language and also by ASD severity. In this group, NHW children with mild/moderate ASD had a significantly higher proportion (50.8 %) of later diagnoses than NHB (33.5 %) or Hispanic-Other children (18.0 %). However, NHW children with severe ASD had a comparable or lower (albeit non-significant) proportion (16.4 %) of later diagnoses than NHB (37.8 %), Hispanic-English (30.8 %), and Hispanic-Other children (12.0 %). While NHW children have comparable ASD prevalence and diagnosis age distributions as Hispanic-English children, they have both higher prevalence and proportion of later diagnoses than NHB and Hispanic-Other children. The diagnosis age findings were limited to mild/moderate cases only. Thus, the prevalence disparity might be primarily driven by under-representation (potentially under-identification) of older children with mild/moderate ASD in the two minority groups.

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For the Hispanic population, studies have identified lack of awareness of ASD, stigma associated with disability, lack of access to health care services due to noncitizenship or low income, and language barriers as factors that might reduce identification of ASD among Hispanic children.
“For the Hispanic population, studies have identified lack of awareness of ASD, stigma associated with disability, lack of access to health care services due to noncitizenship or low income, and language barriers as factors that might reduce the identification of ASD among Hispanic children (31–35).”
From Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012 (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
In the 2009-2010 NSCSHCN, estimated ASD prevalence was similar for non-Hispanic white children compared with Hispanic children living in households where the primary language was English (14.3 per 1,000).
“In contrast, estimated ASD prevalence was similar for non-Hispanic white children compared with Hispanic children living in households where the primary language was English (14.3 per 1,000) (32).”
From Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012 (2016) · cites this paper as [32]

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Authors: Jo, H., Schieve, L. A., Rice, C. E., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Tian, L. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Health Resources and Services Administration (US)
Corresponding author: Jo, Heejoo
ORCID: Schieve, Laura A.
Rice, Catherine E.
Tian, Lin H.
Blumberg, Stephen J.
Kogan, Michael D.
Venue: Maternal and Child Health Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-02-21
Volume: 19
Issue: 8
Pages: 1687-1697
ISSN: 1092-7875 (ISSN-L)
1573-6628
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1683-4
PMC: PMC4500845
OpenAlex: W2118526446
Cited by: 116
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 5.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: Maternal and Child Health Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, age at diagnosis, racial and ethnic disparities, Hispanic children, non-Hispanic Black children, autism prevalence, ASD severity, underidentification, children with special health care needs
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Black or African American, Child, Child, Preschool, Ethnicity, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Surveys, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Language, Male, Population Surveillance, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Prevalence, Black People, White People, Racial Groups

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Age at autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis by race, ethnicity, and primary household language among children with special health care needs, United States, 2009–2010.

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