Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: findings from a population-based surveillance study
Open accessAbstract
Objective At what age are children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identified by community providers? What factors influence the timing of when children are identified with ASDs? This study examined the timing of when children with ASDs are identified.Method Data came from 13 sites participating in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2002 multisite ongoing autism surveillance program, the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. Survival analysis was used to examine factors that influence the timing of community-based identification and diagnosis.Result Data from health and education records reveal that the median age of identification was 5.7 years (SE 0.08 years). Parametric survival models revealed that several factors were associated with a younger age of identification: being male, having an IQ of 70 or lower, and having experienced developmental regression. Significant differences in the age of identification among the 13 sites were also discovered.Conclusions The large gap between the age at which children can be identified and when they actually are identified suggests a critical need for further research, innovation, and improvement in this area of clinical practice.
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Many factors, both internal and external to a child, affect when he or she first receives a diagnosis of ASD.
“Furthermore, many factors, both internal and external to a child, affect when he or she first receives a diagnosis. These include ethnicity and race, access to appropriate services, bilingual status and region of the country, as well as whether the child has delays besides those that characterize autism, such as in motor coordination or cognitive development (e.g., Mandell et al. 2009, Shattuck et”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Shattuck et al. 2009
ASD cannot be reliably diagnosed in the newborn period or even in the first year of life even in countries where there is considerable awareness of the disorder.
“Because ASD cannot be reliably diagnosed in the newborn period or even in the first year of life even in countries where there is considerable awareness of the disorder,18, 19”
From Social communication difficulties and autism in previously institutionalized children (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Shattuck, P. T., Durkin, M., Maenner, M., Newschaffer, C., Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L., Lee, L.-C., Rice, C., Giarelli, E., Kirby, R., Baio, J., Pinto-Martin, J., & Cuniff, C.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shattuck, Paul T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 474-483
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3188985
- OpenAlex
- W2098490628
- Cited by
- 623
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 15.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30mh068579-05)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (UR3DD000078)
- U.S. Public Health Service (UR3/CCU523235)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30-MH-068579)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32 HD 07489, T32HD007489)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, age at diagnosis, developmental regression, intellectual disability, sex differences, community service providers
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Community Mental Health Services, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Population Surveillance, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Logistic Models, Early Diagnosis, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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