Non-destructive Determination of Disintegration Time and Dissolution in Immediate Release Tablets by Terahertz Transmission Measurements
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study was to establish the suitability of terahertz (THz) transmission measurements to accurately measure and predict the critical quality attributes of disintegration time and the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dissolved after 15, 20 and 25 min for commercial tablets processed at production scale. Samples of 18 batches of biconvex tablets from a production-scale design of experiments study into exploring the design space of a commercial tablet manufacturing process were used. The tablet production involved the process steps of high-shear wet granulation, fluid-bed drying and subsequent compaction. The 18 batches were produced using a 4 factor split plot design to study the effects of process changes on the disintegration time. Non-destructive and contactless terahertz transmission measurements of the whole tablets without prior sample preparation were performed to measure the effective refractive index and absorption coefficient of 6 tablets per batch. The disintegration time (R 2 = 0.86) and API dissolved after 15 min (R 2 = 0.96) linearly correlates with the effective refractive index, n eff, measured at terahertz frequencies. In contrast, no such correlation could be established from conventional hardness measurements. The magnitude of n eff represents the optical density of the sample and thus it reflects both changes in tablet porosity as well as granule density. For the absorption coefficient, α eff, we observed a better correlation with dissolution after 20 min (R 2 = 0.96) and a weaker correlation with disintegration (R 2 = 0.83) compared to n eff. The measurements of n eff and α eff provide promising predictors for the disintegration and dissolution time of tablets. The high penetration power of terahertz radiation makes it possible to sample a significant volume proportion of a tablet without any prior sample preparation. Together with the short measurement time (seconds), the potential to measure content uniformity and the fact that the method requires no chemometric models this technology shows clear promise to be established as a process analyser to non-destructively predict critical quality attributes of tablets.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sample porosity must be minimised because it affects the accuracy of the refractive index obtained from terahertz measurements.
“Sample porosity must be minimised as it affects the accuracy of the RI obtained from terahertz measurements [1,9,10,14,20,21].”
From Polymer Pellet Fabrication for Accurate THz-TDS Measurements (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
The rise in disintegration time is primarily attributed to decreasing porosity and changes in pore structure.
“This is primarily attributed to the decreasing porosity (Figure 7b) and also to changes in the pore structure [29].”
From Measuring Open Porosity of Porous Materials Using THz-TDS and an Index-Matching Medium (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Porosity is a dependable and essential quality attribute for tablets, and it governs the mass transport processes behind disintegration and dissolution.
“Tablet porosity is a reliable and fundamental critical quality attribute which controls key mass transport mechanisms that govern disintegration and dissolution behaviour.”
From A Fast and Non-destructive Terahertz Dissolution Assay for Immediate Release Tablets (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Earlier work reported a strong relationship between THz-derived porosity or effective refractive index and dissolution behavior of IR tablets.
“a previous work by Markl et al. 17 has established a strong correlation between the measured terahertz effective refractive index/porosity and the drug dissolution characteristics of IR tablets.”
From A Fast and Non-destructive Terahertz Dissolution Assay for Immediate Release Tablets (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
A reason reliable dissolution prediction is hard is that earlier techniques do not directly measure bulk tablet properties like porosity, which control mass transport during disintegration and release.
“This is due to the inability of these methods to directly probe and quantify the bulk physical properties of tablets, e.g.porosity, that directly govern mass transport mechanisms in a tablet during its disintegration and subsequent drug release 16,17 .”
From A Fast and Non-destructive Terahertz Dissolution Assay for Immediate Release Tablets (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
A previous study found that hardness does not always correlate with porosity, especially for granulated samples.
“Despite our previous study that has revealed that hardness does not always correlate with the porosity (especially for granulated samples) 17 , the current samples have shown excellent correlation between the tensile strength and terahertz-based porosity values (Fig. 6).”
From A Fast and Non-destructive Terahertz Dissolution Assay for Immediate Release Tablets (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tye, C. K., Sun, C. C., & Amidon, G. E. (2004) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.20262 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Review of Disintegrants and the Disintegration Phenomena
Desai, P. M., Liew, C. V., & Heng, P. W. S. (2016) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2015.12.019 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
A proposal for a drug product Manufacturing Classification System (MCS) for oral solid dosage forms
Leane, M. M., Pitt, K. G., Reynolds, G., & The Manufacturing Classification System (MCS) Working Group (2014) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.3109/10837450.2014.954728 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Nyström, C., Alderborn, G., Duberg, M., & Karehill, P.-G. (1993) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.3109/03639049309047189 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Yassin, S., Goodwin, D., Anderson, A., Šibík, J., Wilson, D. I., Gladden, L. F., & Zeitler, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.24544 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
A critical review on tablet disintegration
Quodbach, J., & Kleinebudde, P. (2015) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.3109/10837450.2015.1045618 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Shen, Y. C., Taday, P. F., & Pepper, M. (2008) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2840719 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Kirsch, J. D., & Drennen, J. K. (1999) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00132-0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Dispersion, Complex Analysis and Optical Spectroscopy
Peiponen∥, K.-E., Vartiainen∥, E. M., & 朝倉, 利. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/bfb0119581 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Tablet strength, porosity, elasticity and solid state structure of tablets compressed at high loads
Adolfsson, Å., & Nyström, C. (1996) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(95)04336-5 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hardness and Density Distributions of Pharmaceutical Tablets Measured by Terahertz Pulsed Imaging
May, R. K., Su, K., Han, L., Shuncong Zhong, A., Elliott, J. A., Gladden, L. F., Evans, M. J., Shen, Y., & Zeitler, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23560 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Gabbott, I. P., Husban, F. A., & Reynolds, G. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.022 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Diffusion and Swelling Measurements in Pharmaceutical Powder Compacts Using Terahertz Pulsed Imaging
Yassin, S., Su, K., Lin, H., Gladden, L. F., & Zeitler, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.24376 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Oka, S., Kašpar, O., Tokárová, V., Sowrirajan, K., Wu, H., Khan, M. A., Muzzio, F. J., Štĕpánek, F., & Ramachnadran, R. (2014) · Advanced Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.apt.2014.10.012 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Impact of Granule Density on Tabletting and Pharmaceutical Product Performance
van den Ban, S., & Goodwin, D. (2017) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-017-2115-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Prediction of Tablet Hardness Based on Near Infrared Spectra of Raw Mixed Powders by Chemometrics
Otsuka, M., & Yamane, I. (2006) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.20514 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Effect of the Mode of Super Disintegrate Incorporation on Dissolution in Wet Granulated Tablets
Gordon, M. S., Rudraraju, V. S., Dani, K., & Chowhan, Z. T. (1993) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600820222 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Influence of Granulation on Super Disintegrant Performance
Zhao, N., & Augsburger, L. L. (2006) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.1080/10837450500463828 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Effect of Compression and Decompression Speed on the Mechanical Strength of Compacts
Ruegger, C. E., & Çelick, M. (2000) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.1081/pdt-100102032 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Short, S. M., Cogdill, R. P., Wildfong, P. L. D., Drennen, J. K., & Anderson, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.21473 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bawuah, P., Tan, N., Tweneboah, S. N. A., Ervasti, T., Axel Zeitler, J., Ketolainen, J., & Peiponen, K.-E. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.06.007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Determination of the crushing strength of intact tablets using Raman spectroscopy
Virtanen, S., Antikainen, O. K., & Yliruusi, J. K. (2008) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.022 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bawuah, P., Silfsten, P., Ervasti, T., Ketolainen, J., Zeitler, J. A., & Peiponen∥, K.-E. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.027 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Noninvasive porosity measurement of biconvex tablets using terahertz pulses
Bawuah, P., Ervasti, T., Tan, N., Zeitler, J. A., Ketolainen, J., & Peiponen, K.-E. (2016) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.023 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging
Zeitler, J. A. (2016) · Advances in delivery science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
van Kamp, H. V., Bolhuis, G. K., & Lerk, C. F. (1983) · Pharmacy World & Science · doi:10.1007/bf01961475 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Khattab, I. S., Menon, A., & Sakr, A. (1993) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb07089.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A review of disintegration mechanisms and measurement techniques
Markl, D., & Zeitler, J. A. (2017) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-017-2129-z · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Industrial Applications of Terahertz Sensing: State of Play
Naftaly, M., Vieweg, N., & Deninger, A. J. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19194203 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review
Markl, D., Strobel, A., Schlossnikl, R., Bøtker, J., Bawuah, P., Ridgway, C., Rantanen, J., Rades, T., Gane, P., Peiponen, K.-E., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.017 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Advances in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of pharmaceutical solids: A review
Bawuah, P., & Zeitler, J. A. (2021) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2021.116272 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Galata, D. L., Könyves, Z., Nagy, B., Novák, M., Mészáros, L. A., Szabó, E., Farkas, A., Marosi, G., & Nagy, Z. K. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120338 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Markl, D., Warman, M., Dumarey, M., Bergman, E.-L., Folestad, S., Shi, Z., Manley, L. F., Goodwin, D., & Zeitler, J. A. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119353 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Advancing the understanding of the tablet disintegration phenomenon – An update on recent studies
Berardi, A., Bisharat, L., Quodbach, J., Rahim, S. A., Perinelli, D. R., & Cespi, M. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120390 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Markl, D., Wang, P., Ridgway, C., Karttunen, A.-P., Chakraborty, M., Bawuah, P., Pääkkönen, P., Gane, P., Ketolainen, J., Peiponen, K.-E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.028 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Real time release testing of tablet content and content uniformity
Goodwin, D., van den Ban, S., Denham, M., & Barylski, I. (2017) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Impact of Granule Density on Tabletting and Pharmaceutical Product Performance
van den Ban, S., & Goodwin, D. (2017) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-017-2115-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Al‐Sharabi, M., Markl, D., Mudley, T., Bawuah, P., Karttunen, A.-P., Ridgway, C. J., Gane, P. A. C., Ketolainen, J., Peiponen∥, K.-E., Rades, T., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119380 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Flexible terahertz imaging systems with single-walled carbon nanotube films
Suzuki, D., & Kawano, Y. (2020) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.113 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Fast and Non-destructive Terahertz Dissolution Assay for Immediate Release Tablets
Bawuah, P., Markl, D., Turner, A., Evans, M., Portieri, A., Farrell, D., Lucas, R., Anderson, A., Goodwin, D. J., & Zeitler, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.041 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Markl, D., Wang, P., Ridgway, C. J., Karttunen, A.-P., Bawuah, P., Ketolainen, J., Gane, P. A. C., Peiponen∥, K.-E., & Zeitler, J. A. (2018) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2017.12.048 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fast and non-destructive pore structure analysis using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Markl, D., Bawuah, P., Ridgway, C., van den Ban, S., Goodwin, D. J., Ketolainen, J., Gane, P., Peiponen, K.-E., & Zeitler, J. A. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.029 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mohan, S., Kato, E., Drennen, J. K., & Anderson, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.029 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Skelbæk-Pedersen, A. L., Anuschek, M., Vilhelmsen, T. K., Rantanen, J., & Zeitler, J. A. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119769 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Measuring Open Porosity of Porous Materials Using THz-TDS and an Index-Matching Medium
Naftaly, M., Tikhomirov, I., Hou, P., & Markl, D. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20113120 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Polymer Pellet Fabrication for Accurate THz-TDS Measurements
Murphy, K. N., Naftaly, M., Nordon, A., & Markl, D. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12073475 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stranzinger, S., Markl, D., Khinast, J., & Paudel, A. (2020) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.116147 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Spray-Dried, Co-Processed Rice Starch as a Multifunctional Excipient for Direct Compression
Trisopon, K., Kittipongpatana, N., & Kittipongpatana, O. S. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12060518 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Raman spectral imaging technique for API detection in pharmaceutical microtablets
Kandpal, L. M., Cho, B., Tewari, J. C., & Gopinathan, N. (2017) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.12.178 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Disintegrant Selection in Hydrophobic Tablet Formulations
Bauhuber, S., Warnke, G., & Berardi, A. (2020) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Terahertz scattering and water absorption for porosimetry
Heshmat, B., Andrews, G. M., Naranjo-Montoya, O. A., Castro-Camus, E., Ciceri, D., Sanchez, A. R., Allanore, A., Kmetz, A. A., Eichmann, S. L., Poitzsch, M. E., et al. (2017) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.25.027370 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Temperature: An overlooked factor in tablet disintegration
Basaleh, S., Bisharat, L., Cespi, M., & Berardi, A. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105388 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Trends and new process analytical technologies in pharmaceutical manufacturing
Wu, S., Liu, Y., Fan, X., Shen, Y., & Qu, H. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125957 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Anuschek, M., Vilhelmsen, T. K., Zeitler, J. A., & Rantanen, J. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123424 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Singh, K., Bajaj, N., Kashyap, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., & Sengupta, A. (2024) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.111020 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Measuring bulk density variations in a moving powder bed via terahertz in-line sensing
Stranzinger, S., Faulhammer, E., Li, J., Dong, R., Khinast, J., Zeitler, J. A., & Markl, D. (2018) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2018.11.106 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Selected Applications of Terahertz Pulses in Medicine and Industry
Taday, P. F., Pepper, M., & Arnone, D. D. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12126169 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
At-line porosity sensing for non-destructive disintegration testing in immediate release tablets
Bawuah, P., Evans, M. J., Lura, A., Farrell, D. J., Barrie, P. J., Kleinebudde, P., Markl, D., & Zeitler, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics X · doi:10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100186 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Probing the early stages of tablet disintegration by stress relaxation measurement
Tomáš, J., Schöngut, M., Dammer, O., Beránek, J., Zadražil, A., & Štĕpánek, F. (2018) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.029 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
THz-TDS transflection measurements as a process analyser for tablet mass
Anuschek, M., Vilhelmsen, T. K., Zeitler, J. A., & Rantanen, J. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124750 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Shi, C., Fang, Y., Zhao, H., Mu, Y., Zhao, L., & Shen, L. (2023) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104891 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Trisopon, K., Kittipongpatana, N., Wattanaarsakit, P., & Kittipongpatana, O. S. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14101047 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Murphy, K. N., Naftaly, M., Nordon, A., & Markl, D. (2023) · Optical Materials Express · doi:10.1364/ome.494825 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Matsunami, K., Ryckaert, A., Vanhoorne, V., & Kumar, A. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.125002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Anuschek, M., Vilhelmsen, T. K., Zeitler, J. A., & Rantanen, J. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126273 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, L., Zhao, L., Hong, Y., Shen, L., & Lin, X. (2023) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118402 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Evaluation of binders in twin-screw wet granulation – Optimization of tabletability
Köster, C., & Kleinebudde, P. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124290 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Anuschek, M., Nielsen, A., Vilhelmsen, T. K., Zeitler, J. A., & Rantanen, J. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2025.121992 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Anuschek, M., Skelbæk-Pedersen, A. L., Skibsted, E., Vilhelmsen, T. K., Zeitler, J. A., & Rantanen, J. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124534 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mészáros, L. A., Madarász, L., Ficzere, M., Bicsár, R., Farkas, A., & Nagy, Z. K. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124565 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Lin, X., Hong, Y., Zhao, L., & Shen, L. (2024) · Advanced Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.apt.2024.104586 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Niijima, S., Taniguchi, H., Matsuda, H., Hashimoto, N., Murate, K., & Kawase, K. (2021) · Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies · doi:10.1080/21870764.2021.1889454 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stranzinger, S., Faulhammer, E., Li, J., Dong, R., Zeitler, J. A., Biserni, S., Calzolari, V., Khinast, J., & Markl, D. (2019) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics X · doi:10.1016/j.ijpx.2018.100004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nondestructive inspection of sinterability of ceramic tiles by terahertz spectroscopy
Niijima, S., Shoyama, M., & Kawase, K. (2019) · Electronics and Communications in Japan · doi:10.1002/ecj.12169 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kalita, P., Ahmed, A. B., Sen, S., Pachuau, L., & Phukan, M. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124475 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, Z., Wang, H., Hou, J., Li, M., Shi, X., Liu, B., Chen, Z., Liu, Q., & Fu, Q. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123665 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kidavu, A. V. S., Ganash, D., Maria, H. J., Chaudhary, A. K., & Thomas, S. (2024) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-024-05380-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anuschek, M., Nilsson, T., Skelbæk-Lorenzen, A. L., Vilhelmsen, T. K., Zeitler, J. A., & Rantanen, J. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125303 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Linking powder to tablet stability: Length- and time-scale prediction of moisture sorption
Ibrahim, I., Mann, J., Abbott, A., Winge, F., Davis, A., Hens, B., Khadra, I., & Markl, D. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126154 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Quality by Design (QbD) Concept for Formulation of Oral Formulations for Tablets
Ansari, M. T., Alahmed, T. A. A., & Sami, F. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8034-5_7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Measurements of effective porosity of pharmaceutical tablets using THz TDS
Tikhomirov, I., Markl, D., & Naftaly, M. (2019) · International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) · doi:10.1109/irmmw-thz.2019.8874023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of Pharmaceuticals
Henry, S., Vanhoorne, V., & Vervaet, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2404-2_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tomáš, J., Dvořák, J., Dammer, O., & Štĕpánek, F. (2020) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2020.10.081 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Semi-crystalline materials for pharmaceutical fused filament fabrication: Dissolution and porosity
Henry, S., Carroll, M., Murphy, K. N., Leys, L., Markl, D., Vanhoorne, V., & Vervaet, C. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123816 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
In-situ Monitoring of Powder Density Using Terahertz Pulsed Imaging
Markl, D., Dong, R., Li, J., & Zeitler, J. A. (2018) · International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) · doi:10.1109/irmmw-thz.2018.8510184 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sacher, S., Hsiao, W., Stranzinger, S., Mack, J., Tahir, F., & Khinast, J. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2020.1779698 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, X., Bai, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, Z., Shi, Y., Zuo, J., & Zhang, C. (2022) · Infrared, Millimeter-Wave, and Terahertz Technologies · doi:10.1117/12.2643845 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Zhong, G., Xu, J., Zeng, J., Zhao, F., Hu, J., Qiao, C., Qin, L., & Du, R. (2025) · Advanced Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.apt.2025.104816 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jin, S. G. (2019) · Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute · doi:10.4150/kpmi.2019.26.3.225 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nondestructive Inspection of Sinterability of Ceramic Tiles by Terahertz Spectroscopy
Niijima, S., Shoyama, M., & Kawase, K. (2019) · IEEJ Transactions on Electronics Information and Systems · doi:10.1541/ieejeiss.139.137
Control Strategies of Solid Dosage Forms by PAT Tools
Sacré, P., Bleye, C. D., Hubert, P., & Ziémons, E. (2023) · AAPS introductions in the pharmaceutical sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31505-3_7
Aubourg, A., Gingras, L., Bawuah, P., & Holzwarth, R. (2024) · Optica Sensing Congress · doi:10.1364/sensors.2024.sth4c.1
Wang, J., Liu, X., Qian, Z., Wang, R., & Fan, S. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2025.3608329
Lee, J., & Zeitler, J. A. (2026) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.126712
Resolving drug release mechanisms of amorphous solid dispersions using optical coherence tomography
Powell, D., Bordos, E., Robertson, J., Rantanen, J., & Markl, D. (2026) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2026.104300
Wang, X., Meng, Q., Luo, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Xiaoyong, R., Zhang, Y., Lu, H., He, Y., & Liu, W. (2026) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18050563
Meyer, L., Schmid, A., & Braun, S. (2024) · Pharmacophore · doi:10.51847/dd5ervfu90
Tayseer, I., Mann, J., Winge, F., Davis, A., Hens, B., Khadra, I., Virrankoski, M., DeAngelis, A., & Markl, D. (2026) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127130
Simple hybrid predictive model for point-of-care pharmaceutical tablet disintegration
Leung, C. K., Bawuah, P., Spiesshofer, N., Kottlan, A., Baumberg, J. J., & Zeitler, J. A. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115190
- Authors
- Markl, D., Sauerwein, J., Goodwin, D. J., van den Ban, S., & Zeitler, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- GlaxoSmithKline (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Zeitler, J. Axel
- Venue
- Pharmaceutical Research
- Published
- 2017-02-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1012-1022
- ISSN
- 0724-8741 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-904X
- PMC
- PMC5382185
- OpenAlex
- W2585936721
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmaceutical Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L019922/1)
- Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (GB-PH-1870)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- terahertz transmission, disintegration time, tablet dissolution, immediate release tablets, effective refractive index, absorption coefficient, critical quality attributes, process analytical technology, non-destructive measurement, high shear wet granulation, fluidized bed drying, tablet porosity, content uniformity, active pharmaceutical ingredients
- MeSH terms
- Pharmaceutical Preparations, Hardness, Solubility, Tablets, Terahertz Imaging, Drug Liberation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
