Civic education in a new post-democratic context: The need to revitalize a dialogic and cooperative pedagogy for global citizenship

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ethical GCE goes beyond the banking model of education by emphasizing a global ethic.

“Guided by those principles, ethical GCE goes beyond the banking model of education by emphasizing a global ethic (Bosio et al., 2023).”

• cites Bosio et al., 2023 sourcePartly supported

  The passage labeled Abstract says GCE goes beyond mere knowledge acquisition and links its goals to a global ethic. It also describes ethical GCE as values-based. Our copy does not mention the banking model of education or explicitly contrast ethical GCE with it, so that specific comparison is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Power relations in democracy are not absolute.

“However, and this is our thesis, power relations in democracy are not absolute.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To speak of post-democracy today does not mean affirming that we are in a period of rejecting democracy, but rather in a moment of crisis for this form of government, due to the irruption of new trends and processes that contribute significantly to the weakening or deterioration of its quality.

“To speak of postdemocracy today, as we understand it, does not mean affirming that we are in a period of rejecting democracy, but rather in a moment of crisis for this form of government, due to the irruption of new trends and processes that contribute significantly to the weakening or deterioration of its quality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

When populism is solidly rooted in democracy, by transforming reason and public opinion into a populist communicative aggregate, democracy can be suspected of sliding irremissibly towards post-democracy.

“However, we understand that when populism is solidly rooted in democracy, by transforming reason and public opinion into a populist communicative aggregate, then we can already suspect that democracy is sliding irremissibly towards postdemocracy.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The split between logos and ethos translates into an instrumentalization of reason.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Democracy is a mere electoral mechanism for the appointment of the elite of representatives to government.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Not only freedom, but equality, are fundamental values of democracies that cannot be relegated to the background.

“Not only freedom, but equality, are fundamental values of democracies that cannot be relegated to the background.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Post-democracy supposes a crisis of democracy when it merges populism and authoritarianism, giving rise to the confusion of executive power with judicial and legislative powers, control of media and social networks to destroy the political adversary, restriction of public deliberation, sowing distrust of freedom and diversity, and the entire political and media machinery working at the service of,

“Indeed, the political and social phenomenon that we are describing, that of post-democracy, supposes a crisis of democracy when it merges populism and authoritarianism, giving rise to the confusion of executive power with judicial and legislative powers (Puddington, 2017); when the media and social networks in a nation are controlled to destroy the political adversary; when public deliberation is”

• cites Puddington, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The split between logos and ethos translates into an instrumentalization of reason.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

An education that deepens the axiological foundations of democracy in a deliberative sense, from dialogic and cooperative methodologies, promotes the development of citizens as free agents capable of determining their own lives, conversing about the common good, and pursuing self-realization or personal and social flourishing.

“Based on the UNESCO report (2021), and in response to the post-democratic crisis, in this article we advocate for citizen education that deepens, from dialogic and cooperative methodologies, the axiological foundations of democracy in a deliberative sense, and that promotes the development of citizens as free agents capable of determining their own lives, of conversing about the common good, and”

• cites Nussbaum, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wilson-Strydom & Walker, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The rise of supremacist ideals, to the detriment of plural identities, dialogue, and understanding, has a high social cost and challenges education to reimagine a future together in which cooperation and solidarity progressively gain prominence.

“Indeed, the rise of supremacist ideals, to the detriment of plural identities, dialogue, and understanding, has a high social cost and challenges education in a very direct way to see how it is possible to reimagine a future together in which cooperation and solidarity progressively gain prominence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Such an education serves as a pillar of democratic health, grounded in deliberation, and aims to ensure that citizens do not settle for a passive role or become reactive to a communication and media system dominated by national or global elites.

“Such an education serves as a pillar of democratic health, grounded in deliberation, and aims to ensure that citizens do not settle for a passive role or, in any case, become reactive to a communication and media system dominated by national or global elites (such as large corporations, hermetic political parties, business conglomerates, technocrats, and the shapers, or deformers, of public”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Populism and authoritarianism characteristics of post-democracy violate freedom, and in doing so they also eliminate equality.

“It is precisely the populism and authoritarianism characteristics of post-democracy that violate freedom, and in doing so they also eliminate equality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Populism is above all a specific style of political communication, observable in European far-right movements since the beginning of the twenty-first century.

“In our argument, we start with the definition of Jagers and Walgrave (2007), according to which populism is above all a specific style of political communication, and one which, according to these authors, has been observable in European far-right movements since the beginning of the twenty-first century.”

• cites Jagers and Walgrave (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The equality that serves as the foundation of ethics education is an equality of basic freedoms, an equality of rights, and an equality founded on the dignity of every human being, complemented by the value of difference.

“The equality that serves as the foundation of ethics education is an equality that is complemented, in turn, by the value of difference (Gracia, 2020) because it is an equality of basic freedoms; an equality of rights; but, above all, an equality founded on the main foundation of ethical education, which is none other than the dignity of every human being.”

• cites Gracia, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

New forms of political dynamics in democracies are emerging globally that endanger democracy: the rise of populism and social and political polarization, new forms of democratic authoritarianism, and the risk of autocracy.

“According to the latest reports by international evaluation organizations, new forms of political dynamics in democracies are emerging globally that, paradoxically, endanger the very development of democracy: the rise of populism and social and political polarization, new forms of democratic authoritarianism, and, consequently, the risk of autocracy that endangers liberal democracy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The current scenario is also known as post-democracy, based on Crouch's (2004) categorization.

“This new scenario is also known as postdemocracy, based on Crouch's (2004) categorization.”

• cites Crouch (2004)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Education plays a crucial role in a process of democratic revitalization.

“Because of this, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of argumentation grounded in respect and plurality, as well as the importance of the redistribution of powers and responsibilities-that is, of freedoms-in a process of democratic revitalization in which education plays a crucial role.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

One of the main tasks of education for global citizenship in an intercultural key is to distinguish between unjust inequalities that must be eradicated and enriching differences that should be promoted.

“For this reason, one of the main tasks of education for global citizenship in an intercultural key is to be able to distinguish between unjust inequalities that must be eradicated and enriching differences that should, on the contrary, be promoted (Gracia, 2022).”

• cites Gracia, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Illiberal democracy, together with populism, means undermining the foundations of liberal democracy using democratic resources, such as plebiscites, but in favour of an elite capable of configuring majorities, and with consent from instruments such as control of the media and of powers such as the judiciary or the legislature.

“Illiberal democracy, together with populism, means undermining the foundations of liberal democracy using democratic resources, such as plebiscites, but in favour of an elite capable of configuring majorities, and with consent from instruments such as control of the media and of powers such as the judiciary or the legislature.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Democracy is a mere electoral mechanism for the appointment of the elite of representatives to government.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The danger of populism for democratic health becomes more evident when it is used in the service of authoritarianism; that is, when populist rhetoric underpins powers of dubious democratic manufacture in democracy.

“However, the danger of populism for democratic health becomes more evident when it is used in the service of authoritarianism; that is, when populist rhetoric underpins powers of dubious democratic manufacture in democracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

It is important not to limit the concept of 'freedom' to that of economic or market freedom; the original meaning of civic freedoms for participation, moral autonomy, and human development must be recovered.

“As such, it is important not to limit the concept of 'freedom' to that of economic or market freedom; it is necessary to recover the original meaning of civic freedoms for participation, moral autonomy, and human development (Bernal et al., 2019).”

• cites Bernal et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The network society, where digital communication and social networks are key factors in shaping public opinion, is used at the service of digitally shaped populism, in which big data and social networks are instruments for manufacturing consent based on the massive propagation of hoaxes, half-truths, or blatant falsehoods.

“The network society that Castells (2006) spoke of, where digital communication and social networks are key factors in shaping public opinion, is used at the service of this digitally shaped populism, in which big data and social networks are instruments for manufacturing consent based on the massive propagation of hoaxes, of half-truths, or blatant falsehoods.”

• cites Castells (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This phenomenon contributes not only to the fragmentation and polarization of public opinion, but also to the creation of digital niches.

“This phenomenon also contributes not only to the fragmentation and polarization of public opinion, but also to the creation of digital niches (Gozálvez et al., 2019).”

• cites Gozálvez et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Post-democracy refers to the historical imposition of a model of democracy that is both elitist and populist, and certainly not deliberative, but 'performative'.

“Post-democracy refers to the historical imposition of a model of democracy that is both elitist and populist, and certainly not deliberative, but 'performative', if anything.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The split between logos and ethos translates into an instrumentalization of reason.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Democracy is a mere electoral mechanism for the appointment of the elite of representatives to government.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

An ethical GCE is inclusive, ethically reflective, and socially responsible, advocating for social responsibility, justice, human rights, and glocal sustainability.

“An ethical GCE is inclusive, ethically reflective, and socially responsible.Significantly, the ethical GCE advocates for social responsibility, justice, human rights, and glocal sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Dialogue does not incur in the manipulation of emotions, which is a strategy of authoritarian populism.

“As dialogue implies reasoning, it does not, therefore, incur, in the manipulation of emotions, a strategy of authoritarian populism.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Dialogue implies reasoning.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The 'virilization of otherness' consists of understanding the different other as a threat and leads to withdrawal into one's own identity.

“Civic education must confront these forms of 'virilization of otherness' (Han, 2012), which consist of understanding the different other as a threat and lead to withdrawal into one's own identity.”

• cites Han, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A new digitally expansive populist authoritarianism is erupting in the post-democratic scenario, posing new educational challenges worldwide.

“This post-democratic scenario, in which a new digitally expansive populist authoritarianism (Frantz, 2018) is erupting, poses new educational challenges worldwide.”

• cites Frantz, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

'Expansive solidarity' is the result of educating in dialogue to overcome divisions and to return to the common denominator of dignity and human rights.

“'Expansive solidarity' is the result of educating in dialogue to overcome divisions and to return to the common denominator of dignity and human rights.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In the face of polarization and the withdrawal of identity, ethical civic education promotes dynamic and plural identities.

“in the face of polarization and the withdrawal of identity, ethical civic education promotes dynamic and plural identities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Unlike emotivism, dialogue confers an axiological charge on certain emotions in the light of practical reasoning and includes a criterion of validity to regulate behaviours.

“unlike emotivism, which seeks to express emotions and make them the determining factor, dialogue confers an axiological charge on certain emotions in the light of practical reasoning and (explicitly or implicitly) includes a criterion of validity to regulate behaviours.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a close link among post-democracy, authoritarianism, and populism.

“We also establish the close link among post-democracy, authoritarianism, and populism.”

May combine two claims.

The techno-communicative dimension of post-democracy is one of its decisive elements, using new digital media, big data, and social networks in a new type of 'manufacture of consent' through mass dissemination of hoaxes and falsehoods, which destroys the possibility of dialogue and favours fragmentation and polarization of public opinion.

“the techno-communicative dimension of post-democracy constitutes one of its decisive elements, given the use of new digital media, big data, and social networks in a new type of 'manufacture of consent', through the mass dissemination of hoaxes and falsehoods, which destroys the possibility of dialogue, and favours the fragmentation and polarization of public opinion (Gozálvez et al., 2019).”

• cites Gozálvez et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Phenomena such as autocracy, populism, and polarization are expanding and global.

“Yet, phenomena such as autocracy, populism, and polarization are also expanding and global (V-Dem Institute, 2024).”

• cites V-Dem Institute, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This post-democratic scenario consumes democracy from within by curbing pluralism, abolishing criticism, annulling the counter-powers of supervisory institutions, criminalizing minorities and alternative media, and preventing a considered deliberative public opinion.

“This scenario consumes democracy from within by curbing pluralism, abolishing the criticism, annulling the counter-powers of supervisory institutions, criminalizing minorities and alternative media and, in short, preventing a considered deliberative public opinion after undermining the ethical-civic values of democracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Intercultural, deliberative, cooperative, and dialogic pedagogies are theoretically constructed in the face not only of pedagogical models of narcissistic, possessive, and competitive individualism, characteristic of a certain modernity, but also of pedagogies related to populist collectivisms, which are seeds of polarization and emotivist behaviours.

“At this point, we could say that intercultural, deliberative, cooperative, and dialogic pedagogies are theoretically constructed in the face not only of pedagogical models of narcissistic, possessive, and competitive individualism, characteristic of a certain modernity (Taylor, 1992;Macpherson, 2011), but also of pedagogies related to populist collectivisms, which are seeds of polarization and”

• cites Taylor, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Macpherson, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: It is possible to share fundamental values across cultures that serve as a reference to combat new and old forms of exploitation or domination.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Post-democracy entails the weakening of the key springs of democracy, such as the separation of powers or fundamental values like freedom linked with equality.

“Post-democracy entails the weakening of the key springs of democracy, such as the separation of powers or fundamental values like freedom linked with equality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The demographic and cultural flow in the world should be regarded as offering a valuable pedagogical instrument towards promoting a Freirean dialogue.

“According to these authors, the demographic and cultural flow in the world should be regarded as offering a valuable pedagogical instrument towards promoting a Freirean dialogue about this relationship.”

• cites Van der Walt & Wolhuter, 2023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

An ethical GCE framework must be grounded in critical, cosmopolitan, humanistic, value-creating, and transformative principles.

“According to Bosio (2024), an ethical GCE framework must be grounded in critical, cosmopolitan, humanistic, value-creating, and transformative principles.”

• cites Bosio (2024) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

These methodologies are valid strategies to stop the advance of post-democracy, which is an accomplice of a competitive, individualist, and neoliberal educational system.

“we understand that they are valid strategies to stop the advance of post-democracy, an accomplice of a competitive, individualist, and neoliberal educational system.”

May combine two claims.

Educational methodologies such as dialogic learning, service learning, project-based learning, cooperative learning and learning communities impact learners' active role, going beyond instructional or banking education and based on interaction, values-based education, and meaningful construction of knowledge.

“These methodologies impact learners' active role, which goes beyond the scheme of instructional or banking education (Bosio, 2024), and is based on interaction, on values-based education, and on the meaningful construction of knowledge (Gargallo & Pérez, 2021)”

• cites Bosio, 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gargallo & Pérez, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Hatred can only be fought by rejecting its invitation to contagion; those who face it with more hatred have already allowed themselves to be manipulated.

“Hatred can only be fought by rejecting its invitation to contagion.Those who try to face it with more hatred have already allowed themselves to be manipulated, approaching what those who hate want us to become.”

• cites Emcke (2017)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Liberalism (liberal democracy) has played, and currently plays, a significant role in the fight against tyranny, discursive dogmatism, and absolutism of all kinds.

“Liberalism (liberal democracy) has played, and currently plays, a significant role in the fight against tyranny, discursive dogmatism, and absolutism of all kinds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Dialogic pedagogies aim to solve problems from cooperation and collaboration, which treasure and sustain diversity.

“Dialogic pedagogies walk precisely along the same line because their aim is to solve problems from cooperation and collaboration, which treasure and sustain diversity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Post-democracy becomes performative democracy linked with populism and authoritarianism.

“This is where post-democracy becomes performative democracy linked with populism and authoritarianism.”

May combine two claims.

The digital swarm is exploited by populisms and autocracies of various stripes to exacerbate tempers and stoke hatred, and gives rise to what Nussbaum (2019) has called the 'monarchy of fear' in the politics of exclusion context.

“This digital swarm is exploited by populisms and autocracies of various stripes to exacerbate tempers and stoke hatred, and gives rise to what Nussbaum (2019) has called the 'monarchy of fear' in the politics of exclusion context.”

• cites Nussbaum (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In a pluralistic and intercultural society, to the extent that we interact with a diversity of people and they contribute to social development, we forge a mixed, complex, and plural way of being and life.

“in a pluralistic and intercultural society, to the extent that we interact with a diversity of people and they contribute to social development, we forge a mixed, complex, and plural way of being and life (Gracia, 2022).”

• cites Gracia, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Neither individuals nor societies are destined to have a single absolute and closed identity.

“Plural identities because neither individuals nor (even less so) societies are destined to have a single absolute and closed identity (Gozálvez, 2023)”

• cites Gozálvez, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

At both extremes (narcissistic individualism and populist collectivisms), dialogue and deliberation are truncated.

“At both extremes, dialogue and deliberation are truncated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Educating in democratic citizenship leads directly to education for global citizenship based on dialogue and intercultural cooperation as a vaccine against the post-democratic identity retreat.

“educating in democratic citizenship (slowing down the advance of postdemocracy) leads directly to education for global citizenship based on dialogue and intercultural cooperation as a vaccine against the post-democratic identity retreat.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The withdrawal of identity is inspired by supremacist ideologies that see members of other groups as a threat.

“The withdrawal of identity is inspired by supremacist ideologies that see members of other groups as a threat, and certain rejection is focused on them that admits a range of shades, such as antipathy, contempt, resentment, fear of aversion, phobia, abomination, and animosity, as in hate speech.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

These pedagogies reflect the trajectory of renewal movements that affect the learner's active role, based on methodologies such as dialogic learning, cooperative learning, service learning, or learning communities.

“These pedagogies reflect the trajectory of renewal movements that affect the learner's active role, based on methodologies such as dialogic learning, cooperative learning, service learning, or learning communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The pulse of civil liberties is weakened even in countries that are formally democratic or with apparent or low-quality democracy.

“Paradoxically, the pulse of civil liberties is weakened, even in the countries that do not defend social protection and equality in the real use of freedoms; that is, in countries that are formally democratic or with apparent or low-quality democracy.”

May combine two claims.

Identity is dynamic; it arises from the recognition conferred on us by the 'significant others' and is always gestated in dialogue with them.

“Dynamic identities because identity itself is something dynamic; that is, it arises from the recognition conferred on us by the 'significant others', and is always gestated in dialogue with them (Taylor, 1992).”

• cites Taylor, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The simplistic use of language and images is used to a notable degree to manufacture consent.

“This is where the simplistic use of language and images comes into play, used to a notable degree to manufacture consent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Dialogue's foundation is not particular states of mind but joint argumentation capable of recognizing the part of truth of all interlocutors.

“its foundation is not particular states of mind, but joint argumentation that is capable of recognizing the part of truth of all interlocutors”