Cited by 143Electronic Health Records SystemsInformation Systems Theories and ImplementationTechnology and Human Factors in Education and Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Computerized Provider Order Entry Adoption: Implications for Clinical Workflow

Open access

Abstract

Objective To identify and describe unintended adverse consequences related to clinical workflow when implementing or using computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems.Methods We analyzed qualitative data from field observations and formal interviews gathered over a three-year period at five hospitals in three organizations. Five multidisciplinary researchers worked together to identify themes related to the impacts of CPOE systems on clinical workflow.Results CPOE systems can affect clinical work by 1) introducing or exposing human/computer interaction problems, 2) altering the pace, sequencing, and dynamics of clinical activities, 3) providing only partial support for the work activities of all types of clinical personnel, 4) reducing clinical situation awareness, and 5) poorly reflecting organizational policy and procedure.Conclusions As CPOE systems evolve, those involved must take care to mitigate the many unintended adverse effects these systems have on clinical workflow. Workflow issues resulting from CPOE can be mitigated by iteratively altering both clinical workflow and the CPOE system until a satisfactory fit is achieved.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11606-008-0857-9

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 21 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Integrating CPOE into clinical practice can disturb workflow in multiple broad ways, independent of the study site.

    “By observing and interviewing clinicians, we found that embedding CPOE systems in clinical practice can disrupt work processes in several general ways, regardless of the site studied.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Environments designed before the computer era cannot adequately accommodate new hardware.

    “some disruptions arise when environments designed prior to the computer era cannot adequately accommodate new hardware.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Certain CPOE systems hinder staff from changing dose times when administration cannot occur as scheduled, for instance when patients are away from the unit at medication time.

    “In addition some CPOE systems make it difficult for clinical staff to alter the timing of doses when they cannot be given on schedule, such as when patients are absent from the nursing unit when medications are due.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In some CPOE systems, the recorded start time for a medication reflects when the order was activated, not when the drug was administered, which complicates adjusting timing to actual conditions.

    “Some systems assign medication start times when the order becomes active (as opposed to when the medication is given) making it difficult for staff to alter the timing to match reality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    CPOE systems can alter the pace, sequencing, and dynamics of clinical activities.

    “altering the pace, sequencing, and dynamics of clinical activities”
    • Also stated in: § CPOE Changes Work Pace, Sequence, and Dynamics · plain
      “CPOE Changes Work Pace, Sequence, and Dynamics”
    • Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
      “CPOE can alter the pacing, sequencing, and dynamics of work patterns”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 11
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 15
  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Among non-physician groups, nurses voiced the strongest dissatisfaction with CPOE support.

    “Nurses were the most vocal of the non-physician groups”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Some CPOE implementations associate orders with a patient's physical location, which may prevent an admitting clinician from entering orders for an emergency department patient prior to transfer to an inpatient bed.

    “Because some CPOE implementations associate orders with a patient's physical location, the system may prevent the admitting clinician from entering these orders.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Although these problems were not universal across sites, every site reported software design flaws that rendered certain work processes cumbersome.

    “Not all of these problems occurred at all sites, though all sites reported software design issues that made some work processes awkward.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    CPOE lists could not be easily sorted, screens were hard to read or annotate, system defaults were minimally available, and safeguards against selecting the wrong patient or entering incorrect data were lacking.

    “we saw lists that could not be easily sorted, screens that were hard to read or annotate, minimum availability of system defaults, and lack of appropriate safeguards to prevent selecting the wrong patient or entering incorrect data”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Observed usability problems included cluttered screens, inefficient use of screen space, and inconsistent screen layouts.

    “These included overly cluttered screen design, poor use of available screen space, and inconsistencies in screen design.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Mechanically applying policy through CPOE can expose gaps between organizational goals and actual clinician behavior, prompting workarounds when the system does not fit their work.

    “As a result, rote implementation of policy or procedure can highlight pronounced differences between organizational intention and provider practice, leading to the adoption of system workarounds by clinicians struggling to use a system that does not fully support their work.26”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] Sachs P. Transforming work: Collaboration, learning, and design. Commun ACM. 1995;38(9):36–44. source
    • cites [26] Harrison M, Koppel R, Bar-Lev S. Unintended consequences of information technologies in health care—An Interactive sociotechnical analysis. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007;14(5):542–9. source
  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The five categories of unintended workflow consequences from CPOE can be reduced by repeatedly adjusting both the clinical workflow and the CPOE system until they fit well together.

    “The five kinds of unintended and unanticipated consequences related to workflow with CPOE can be mitigated by iteratively altering both clinical workflow and the CPOE system until a comfortable and optimized fit is achieved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    Ethics approval was obtained from Oregon Health & Science University and every participating site.

    “The Institutional Review Boards of Oregon Health & Science University as well as each of our study sites approved this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductown data

    Every team member separately examined a portion of the transcripts or field notes to find unintended consequences.

    “Each project team member independently reviewed an assigned selection of transcribed field notes or interviews to identify unintended consequences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Shadowed clinicians were chosen with site collaborators to ensure both skeptical and accepting users were represented.

    “The clinicians shadowed were selected by prior arrangement with study collaborators so that skeptics as well as accepting users were included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    The team included two doctors, one nurse, one pharmacist, one librarian, one public health researcher, and one informatics specialist.

    “The research team consisted of two physicians, a nurse, a pharmacist, a librarian, a public health researcher, and a technically-oriented informaticist.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    Sites were chosen for their strong reputations in CPOE, and each had a mature system handling at least 90% of orders for years.

    “The sites were selected based on their reputations for excellence in the use of CPOE; all sites have fully operational and functional systems that capture a minimum of 90% of all medical orders, and have been operating at this level for several years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    CPOE can serve as an effective and efficient means to implement organizational policy or procedure.

    “While CPOE can be a highly effective and efficient tool for implementing organizational policy or procedure”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Evaluating CPOE requires examining the system as it is configured, implemented, and actually used.

    “Thus any evaluation of a CPOE system must study the system as configured, implemented and used 26 .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Harrison M, Koppel R, Bar-Lev S. Unintended consequences of information technologies in health care—An Interactive sociotechnical analysis. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007;14(5):542–9. source
  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A sociotechnical framework treats activities, technologies, environments, people, and organizations as one work system that must be studied together.

    “A sociotechnical evaluation framework 18,[23][24][25] views these five components of clinical work as a single work system; that is, the components cannot be effectively analyzed in isolation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Campbell E, Sittig D, Ash J, Guappone K, Dykstra R. Types of unintended consequences related to computerized provider order entry. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13(5):547–56. Sep–Oct. source
    • cites [23] Berg M. Medical work and the computer-based patient record: a sociological perspective. Methods Inf Med. 1998;37(3)294–301. source
    • cites [24] Berg M. Patient care information systems and health care work: a sociotechnical approach. Int J Med Inform. 1999;55(2):87–101. source
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The authors' earlier research found nine broad types of unintended CPOE consequences, with workflow impact being the most common theme.

    “in our prior work we identified nine broad categories of unintended adverse consequences related to CPOE, negative impact on workflow emerged as the most frequently occurring theme.18,22”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Campbell E, Sittig D, Ash J, Guappone K, Dykstra R. Types of unintended consequences related to computerized provider order entry. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13(5):547–56. Sep–Oct. source
    • cites [22] Lincoln Y, Guba E. Natualistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 1985.
  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Conflicting recent reports question how much CPOE truly improves care, noting that these systems have created new error types, harmed patient outcomes, and raised costs for adopting institutions.

    “Recent, conflicting reports about the role of CPOE in the reduction of medication errors and associated costs have cast some doubt on the actual scale of improvements to be gained as CPOE systems have generated new kinds of medical errors, negatively affected patient outcomes, and resulted in higher overall medical costs for those institutions implementing them.9,[11][12][13]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [9] Koppel R, Metlay J, Cohen A, Abaluck B, Localio A, SE K. Role of computerized physician order entry systems in facilitating medication errors. JAMA. 2005;293:10:1197–1203. source
    • cites [11] Berger R, Kichak J. Computerized physician order entry: helpful or harmful. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2004;11(2):100–3. source
    • cites [12] Han Y, Carcillo J, Venkataraman S, Clark R, Watson R, Nguyen T, et al. Unexpected increased mortality after implementation of a commercially sold computerized physician order entry system. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1506–12. source
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Being qualitative, the study yielded detailed understanding of five purposefully chosen sites.

    “As a qualitative study, this investigation produced rich, in depth knowledge about five carefully selected sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    CPOE can simplify the rollout of organizational changes.

    “CPOE can make it easy to implement organizational changes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductown data

    The full team convened 36 times to agree on what counted as unintended consequences and how to categorize them.

    “The entire project team then met 36 times to collectively determine which data represented unintended consequences, and how the data could be meaningfully categorized.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In this study, the researchers only observed users interacting with CPOE systems.

    “In this study, we only observed users interacting with CPOE systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The five sites may not be representative of every CPOE-using institution.

    “It is possible that these sites are not truly representative of all sites using CPOE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Prior work indicates CPOE reduces medication ordering errors and duplicate tests, encourages standardized practice, and lowers total healthcare costs.

    “CPOE has been shown to decrease medication ordering errors and redundant test ordering, promote practice standardization, and reduce overall healthcare costs.[2][3][4]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] Committee on Quality Health Care in America. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 1999.
    • cites [3] Committee on Quality Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2001.
    • cites [4] The Leapfrog Group. Factsheet: Computer physician order entry. 2004 [accessed August 29, 2008]; Available from: http://www.leapfroggroup.org/media/file/Leapfrog-Computer_Physician_Order_Entry_Fact_Sheet.pdf
23 of 23
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The unintended adverse consequences of CPOE on clinical workflow need to be carefully managed.

    “We specifically focused on unintended adverse consequences because these need to be carefully managed.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    CPOE is meant to aid and enhance care delivery, not to solve every clinical problem.

    “CPOE systems are tools intended to support and improve the delivery of care, and are not solutions for all problems related to clinical practice.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The sociotechnical intersection of patient safety and EHR conceptualizes the healthcare system as an evolving complex adaptive system in which safety risks often emerge from users' interactions with the EHR that lead to new clinical workflow processes.

    “First, this intersection conceptualizes the healthcare system as an evolving, complex adaptive system in which safety risks often emerge from users ' interactions with the EHR that lead to new clinical workflow processes.”
  • These new workflow processes involve environmental, cultural, or sociopolitical factors.

    “These new workflow processes involve different environmental (eg, human interaction with physical devices and their workspace), 24 cultural (eg, role changes of clinicians in the EHR-enabled workflow), 25 or even sociopolitical (eg, clinical power structure) factors. 26”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Data-collection periods conflict

    Major

    The abstract says interviews and observations were gathered over three years, but the methods specify a collection window from August 2004 through April 2005-about nine months.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Lincoln Y, Guba E. Natualistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 1985.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Campbell, E. M., Guappone, K. P., Sittig, D. F., Dykstra, R. H., & Ash, J. S.
Affiliations
  • Oregon Health & Science University (US)
  • Memorial Hermann (US)
Corresponding author
Ash, Joan S.
Venue
Journal of General Internal Medicine
Published
2008-11-20
Volume
24
Issue
1
Pages
21-26
ISSN
  • 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
  • 1525-1497
OpenAlex
W1985254283
Cited by
139
References
37
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
FWCI
25.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • U.S. Public Health Service (ASMM10031)
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine (R01LM006942, LM06942, R56LM006942)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health
Keywords
computerized physician order entry, clinical workflow, human-computer interaction, situational awareness, hospital information systems, clinical decision support, technology adoption, workflow redesign
MeSH terms
Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Computers, Delivery of Health Care, Hospitals, Humans, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Workload, Medical Order Entry Systems

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