The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample
Open accessAbstract
Background Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased health care utilization, medical morbidity, and tobacco and alcohol use. Consequently, screening for PTSD has become increasingly common in primary care clinics, especially in Veteran healthcare settings where trauma exposure among patients is common.Objective The objective of this study was to revise the Primary Care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD) to reflect the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for PTSD (PC-PTSD-5) and to examine both the diagnostic accuracy and the patient acceptability of the revised measure.Design We compared the PC-PTSD-5 results with those from a brief psychiatric interview for PTSD. Participants also rated screening preferences and acceptability of the PC-PTSD-5.Participants A convenience sample of 398 Veterans participated in the study (response rate = 41 %). Most of the participants were male, in their 60s, and the majority identified as non-Hispanic White.Measures The PC-PTSD-5 was used as the screening measure, a modified version of the PTSD module of the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to diagnose DSM-5 PTSD, and five brief survey items were used to assess acceptability and preferences.Key results The PC-PTSD-5 demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.941; 95 % C.I.: 0.912- 0.969). Whereas a cut score of 3 maximized sensitivity (κ[1]) = 0.93; SE = .041; 95 % C.I.: 0.849-1.00), a cut score of 4 maximized efficiency (κ[0.5] = 0.63; SE = 0.052; 95 % C.I.: 0.527-0.731), and a cut score of 5 maximized specificity (κ[0] = 0.70; SE = 0.077; 95 % C.I.: 0.550-0.853). Patients found the screen acceptable and indicated a preference for administration by their primary care providers as opposed to by other providers or via self-report.Conclusions The PC-PTSD-5 demonstrated strong preliminary results for diagnostic accuracy, and was broadly acceptable to patients.
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The PC-PTSD-5 has strong test-retest reliability (r=0.83) and is associated with important clinical variables such as suicide.
“The scale has strong test-retest reliability (r=0.83) and is associated with important clinical variables such as suicide [35,61].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
The Measures section reports test-retest reliability of r = 0.83 for the earlier PC-PTSD, not the PC-PTSD-5. The paper evaluates the PC-PTSD-5’s diagnostic accuracy, but the passages do not report an association between the screen and suicide. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProbable PTSD was assessed using the PC-PTSD-5, which has good diagnostic accuracy.
“Probable PTSD was assessed using the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5; Prins et al., 2016), which has good diagnostic accuracy.”
From Brief modular anxiety intervention for primary care: Hybrid I pilot randomized controlled trial of feasibility, acceptability, effectiveness, and implementation potential (2024) · cites this paper as Prins et al., 2016
The PC-PTSD-5 first verifies trauma exposure and then evaluates the presence of the 4 symptom clusters of PTSD.
“On a scale of 5 items, the PC-PTSD-5 first verifies trauma exposure and then evaluates the presence of the 4 symptom clusters of PTSD [35].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
With a cutoff score of 3, the PC-PTSD-5 has strong diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.941).
“With a cutoff score of 3, the PC-PTSD-5 has strong diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.941) [35].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
Angelina denied experiencing a Criterion A event on the PC-PTSD-5.
“denied experiencing a Criterion A event on the PC-PTSD-5”
From Brief Transdiagnostic Intervention for Parents With Emotional Disorder Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Example (2021) · cites this paper as Prins et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Prins, A., Bovin, M. J., Smolenski, D. J., Marx, B. P., Kimerling, R., Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Kaloupek, D. G., Schnurr, P. P., Kaiser, A. P., Leyva, Y. E., & Tiet, Q. Q.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Prins, Annabel
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2016-05-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1206-1211
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC5023594
- OpenAlex
- W2375701190
- Cited by
- 1,303
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 157 · 2023: 222 · 2022: 199 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 41.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IIR10-347)
- Health Services Research and Development (IIR10-347)
- International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD screening, DSM-5 PTSD criteria, primary care, veterans, diagnostic accuracy, cut-off values, screening acceptability, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, trauma exposure, screening preferences, self-report screening, alcohol and tobacco use, health care utilization, medical morbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Primary Health Care, Sensitivity and Specificity, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Veterans, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Patient Preference
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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