Temporal stability of DSM–5 posttraumatic stress disorder criteria in a problem-drinking sample.
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The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) reformulated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based partially on research showing there were 4 main factors that underlie the symptoms of the disorder. The primary aim of this study was to examine the temporal stability of the DSM-5 factors as measured by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5; Weathers et al., 2010). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the structure of DSM-5 PTSD, and temporal stability over 3 time points was examined to determine if the measure reflects a consistent construct over time. Our sample was 507 combat-exposed veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan who enrolled in an online intervention for problem drinking and combat-related stress (Brief et al., 2013). We administered the PCL-5 at baseline, 8-week postintervention, and 3-month follow-up assessments. The DSM-5 model provided an adequate fit to the data at baseline. Tests of equality of form and equality of factor loadings demonstrated stability of the factor structure over time, indicating temporal stability. This study confirmed the results of previous research supporting the DSM-5 model of PTSD symptoms (Elhai et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2013). This is the 1st study to demonstrate the temporal stability of the PCL-5, indicating its use in longitudinal studies measures the same construct over time.
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To our knowledge, seven published studies to date have tested whether the 4-factor structure can be supported when applying CFA to the PCL-5.
“To our knowledge, seven published studies to date have tested whether this 4-factor structure can be supported when applying CFA to the PCL-5 [6, 8, 10, 15–18].2”
From The German version of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): psychometric properties and diagnostic utility (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Even in the minority of studies where acceptable to good fit was found for the DSM-5 model, other models showed significantly better fit.
“Even in the minority of studies where acceptable to good fit was found for the DSM-5 model [5, 6, 16, 19], there were other models that showed significantly better fit.”
From The German version of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): psychometric properties and diagnostic utility (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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Lassen, E. R., Omre, A. N., Birkeland, M. S., Egeland, K. M., & Bækkelund, H. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2570951 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Thompson‐Hollands, J., Marx, B. P., Lee, D. J., & Sloan, D. M. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000951 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bencheikh, C., Kefi, H. E., Awissawi, A., Kabtni, W., Baatout, A., Bouizouita, I., Bouguerra, C., Eddif, S., & Oumaya, A. (2022) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2022.43.28.35869 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nkrumah, R., von Schröder, C., Demirakca, T., Schmahl, C., & Ende, G. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100586 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Park, N., Rouvere, J., Chase, E., Blanchard, B. E., Kaysen, D. L., Hendrickson, R. C., Fortney, J. C., & Cerimele, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23132 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Corley-Newman, A., & Trimble, A. (2017) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.07.896 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Explaining Memory Amplification: Is It All About the Test Format?
Takarangi, M. K. T., Oulton, J. M., & Strange, D. M. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617744326 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Research on a PTSD Risk Assessment Model Using Multi-Modal Data Fusion
Luo, Y., Shang, Y., Zhu, D., Zhang, T., & Hu, C. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13111901 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of the Weekly Version of the PTSD Checklist for DSM -5
Darnell, B. C., Vannini, M. B. N., Morgan‐López, A. A., Brown, S. E., Grunthal, B., Hale, W. J., Young‐McCaughan, S., Fox, P. T., McGeary, D. D., Resick, P. A., et al. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251321929 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex temporal dynamics of mental health indicators: A longitudinal network approach perspective
Adamkovic, M., Šimsa, B., Jozefiaková, B., Mikulášková, G., Babinčák, P., Baník, G., Bočanová, J., Fedáková, D., Kačmariková, K., Kačmár, P., et al. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725102080 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The Relationship Between Trauma and Well-Being: Moral Emotions in Sex-Trafficked Women
Scarsella, G. M. (2017)
Psychometric validation of PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Balinese version
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Longitudinal PTSD network structure: Measuring PTSD symptom networks over a five year periodPreprint
Crowe, M. L., Harper, K. L., Moshier, S. J., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/c4wy5
Self-citationMoshier, S. J., Harper, K. L., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22844
Self-citationThe Correlates of Abusive Violence Among Post-9/11 U.S. Military VeteransPreprint
Crowe, M. L., & Hyatt, C. S. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/bc8vr
Complex Temporal Dynamics of Mental Health Indicators: A Longitudinal Network Approach PerspectivePreprint
Adamkovic, M., Šimsa, B., Jozefiaková, B., Mikulášková, G., Babinčák, P., Baník, G., Bočanová, J., Fedáková, D., Kačmariková, K., Kačmár, P., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pfkux
- Authors
- Keane, T. M., Rubin, A., Lachowicz, M., Brief, D., Enggasser, J. L., Roy, M., Hermos, J., Helmuth, E., & Rosenbloom, D.
- Affiliations
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- Boston University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1138-1145
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- PMC
- PMC4286303
- OpenAlex
- W2331976756
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 11.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (RC1AA019248)
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, DSM-5 PTSD criteria, temporal stability, factor structure, PCL-5, combat veterans, problem drinking, Iraq and Afghanistan veterans
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcoholism, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time, United States, Veterans, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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