The MYC transcription factor network: balancing metabolism, proliferation and oncogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Transcription factor networks have evolved in order to control, coordinate, and separate, the functions of distinct network modules spatially and temporally. In this review we focus on the MYC network (also known as the MAX-MLX Network), a highly conserved super-family of related basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLHZ) proteins that functions to integrate extracellular and intracellular signals and modulate global gene expression. Importantly the MYC network has been shown to be deeply involved in a broad spectrum of human and other animal cancers. Here we summarize molecular and biological properties of the network modules with emphasis on functional interactions among network members. We suggest that these network interactions serve to modulate growth and metabolism at the transcriptional level in order to balance nutrient demand with supply, to maintain growth homeostasis, and to influence cell fate. Moreover, oncogenic activation of MYC and/or loss of a MYC antagonist, results in an imbalance in the activity of the network as a whole, leading to tumor initiation, progression and maintenance.
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c-Myc and CAR are metabolic regulators that modulate expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis.
“In addition to their roles in proliferation, both c-Myc and CAR are metabolic regulators that modulate the expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis.22,48, 49, 50, 51, 52”
From Constitutive Androstane Receptor Regulates Bile Acid Homeostasis and Metabolism During Liver Regeneration (2026) · cites this paper as [49]
The “Functional interactions between MYC-MAX and MLXIP-MLX” section reports that MYC stimulates glycolysis and helps regulate genes involved in fatty-acid biosynthesis. The copy does not address CAR as a metabolic regulator; its discussion of glucose- and lipid-responsive gene expression instead concerns MLXIP/MLXIPL-MLX. No page numbers are available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMyc proteins play a critical role in pathways related to tumor development, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, metabolism, and adaptive cancer resistance.
“Myc proteins, synthesized after transcription and translation of Myc gene, plays a critical role in pathways related to tumor development, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, metabolism, and adaptive cancer resistance.412–414”
From Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [412]
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Brubaker, K., Cowley, S. M., Huang, K., Loo, L. W. M., Yochum, G. S., Ayer, D. E., Eisenman, R. N., & Radhakrishnan, I. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00168-9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ins and outs of virulence gene expression: Mg2 as a regulatory signal
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Mlx, a Novel Max-like BHLHZip Protein That Interacts with the Max Network of Transcription Factors
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Self-citationPeterson, C. W., Stoltzman, C. A., Sighinolfi, M. P., Han, K., & Ayer, D. (2010) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01613-09 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Genomic and Proteomic Analysis Reveals a Threshold Level of MYC Required for Tumor Maintenance
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Max-independent functions of Myc in Drosophila melanogaster
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Mondo complexes regulate TFEB via TOR inhibition to promote longevity in response to gonadal signals
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Ordering of mutations in acute myeloid leukemia with partial tandem duplication of MLL (MLL-PTD)
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MGA, a suppressor ofMYC, is recurrently inactivated in high risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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The Interaction of Myc with Miz1 Defines Medulloblastoma Subgroup Identity
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Loss of MAX results in meiotic entry in mouse embryonic and germline stem cells
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Mnt–Max to Myc–Max complex switching regulates cell cycle entry
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The glucose-sensing transcription factor MLX promotes myogenesis via myokine signaling
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Self-citationInteraction with WDR5 Promotes Target Gene Recognition and Tumorigenesis by MYC
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MYC Cofactors: Molecular Switches Controlling Diverse Biological OutcomesPreprint
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Self-citationDrosophila growth and development in the absence of dMyc and dMnt
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Self-citationA Novel N-Terminal Domain May Dictate the Glucose Response of Mondo Proteins
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An extended Myc network contributes to glucose homeostasis in cancer and diabetes
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Regulatory gene network circuits underlying T cell development from multipotent progenitors
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A critical role for Mnt in Myc-driven T-cell proliferation and oncogenesis
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Evolution of the Max and Mlx Networks in Animals
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Mgais essential for the survival of pluripotent cells during peri-implantation development
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MNT and Emerging Concepts of MNT‐MYC Antagonism
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [84]Dang CV, Eisenman RN. Myc and the Pathway to Cancer Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2014
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials
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Efferocytosis induces macrophage proliferation to help resolve tissue injury
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“The observed changes in the abundance of individual network players have functional consequences that are attributed to the competition for available Max and Mlx core members as well as for DNA-binding sites, and may account in part for the extraordinary tight regulation of Myc expression [13,55,58,59].”
BackgroundInfluentialMYC Recruits SPT5 to RNA Polymerase II to Promote Processive Transcription Elongation
Baluapuri, A., Hofstetter, J., Dudvarski Stankovic, N., Endres, T., Bhandare, P., Vos, S. M., Adhikari, B., Schwarz, J. D., Narain, A., Vogt, M., et al. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.031 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
<i>Max</i> deletion destabilizes MYC protein and abrogates Eµ- <i>Myc</i> lymphomagenesis
Mathsyaraja, H., Freie, B., Cheng, P.-F., Babaeva, E., Catchpole, J. T., Janssens, D., Henikoff, S., & Eisenman, R. N. (2019) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.325878.119 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, S., Wu, B., Li, X., Zhao, L., Wu, W., & Ai, S. (2021) · Journal of Oncology · doi:10.1155/2021/2719172 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zhou, W., Chembazhi, U. V., Huang, J., Bangru, S., Dean, A. E., Asokakumar, A., Kalsotra, A., Rudnick, D. A., & Anakk, S. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2026.101858
- Authors
- Carroll, P. A., Freie, B. W., Mathsyaraja, H., & Eisenman, R. N.
- Affiliations
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eisenman, Robert N.
- Venue
- Frontiers of Medicine
- Published
- 2018-07-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 412-425
- ISSN
- 1673-7342 (ISSN-L)
- 2095-0217
- 2095-0225
- PMC
- PMC7358075
- OpenAlex
- W2883764945
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers of Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA057138, R01CA020525)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- transcriptional regulation, cellular metabolism, cell proliferation, carcinogenesis, cell fate, nutrient signaling, tumor initiation and progression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc, Disease Progression, Gene Regulatory Networks, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, Carcinogenesis
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