The consumption of milk and dairy foods and the incidence of vascular disease and diabetes: an overview of the evidence
Open accessAbstract
The health effects of milk and dairy food consumption would best be determined in randomised controlled trials. No adequately powered trial has been reported and none is likely because of the numbers required. The best evidence comes, therefore, from prospective cohort studies with disease events and death as outcomes. Medline was searched for prospective studies of dairy food consumption and incident vascular disease and Type 2 diabetes, based on representative population samples. Reports in which evaluation was in incident disease or death were selected. Meta-analyses of the adjusted estimates of relative risk for disease outcomes in these reports were conducted. Relevant case-control retrospective studies were also identified and the results are summarised in this article. Meta-analyses suggest a reduction in risk in the subjects with the highest dairy consumption relative to those with the lowest intake: 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) for all-cause deaths, 0.92 (0.80, 0.99) for ischaemic heart disease, 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) for stroke and 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) for incident diabetes. The number of cohort studies which give evidence on individual dairy food items is very small, but, again, there is no convincing evidence of harm from consumption of the separate food items. In conclusion, there appears to be an enormous mis-match between the evidence from long-term prospective studies and perceptions of harm from the consumption of dairy food items.
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Increased low-fat dairy consumption is associated with lower LDL-C, triglycerides, plasma insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, BMI, possibly BP, and reduced diabetes risk.
“However, increased low-fat dairy consumption is associated with lower LDL-C, triglycerides, plasma insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, BMI, possibly blood pressure (BP); and reduced diabetes risk (174–182).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [181]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Elwood, P. C., Pickering, J. E., Givens, D. I., & Gallacher, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Wales (GB)
- MRC Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Elwood, Peter C.
- Venue
- Lipids
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-04-16
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 925-939
- ISSN
- 0024-4201 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9307
- PMC
- PMC2950929
- OpenAlex
- W1979443826
- Cited by
- 404
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Lipids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- milk consumption, vascular disease, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, all-cause mortality, prospective cohort, case-control study
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dairy Products, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Milk, Vascular Diseases, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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