Fracture Risk Assessment: State of the Art, Methodologically Unsound, or Poorly Reported?
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures, including hip fractures, are a global health concern associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as a major economic burden. Identifying individuals who are at an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture is an important challenge to be resolved. Recently, multivariable prediction tools have been developed to assist clinicians in the management of their patients by calculating their 10-year risk of fracture (FRAX, QFracture, Garvan) using a combination of known risk factors. These prediction models have revolutionized the way clinicians assess the risk of fracture. Studies evaluating the performance of prediction models in this and other areas of medicine have, however, been characterized by poor design, methodological conduct, and reporting. We examine recently developed fracture prediction models and critically discuss issues in their design, validation, and transparency.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the absence of detailed and transparent reporting of the key study details, it is difficult for the scientific and health care community to objectively judge the strengths and weaknesses of a prediction model study.
“In the absence of detailed and transparent reporting of the key study details, it is difficult for the scientific and health care community to objectively judge the strengths and weaknesses of a prediction model study [34,50,51].”
From Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD Statement (2015) · cites this paper as [50]
In the absence of detailed and transparent reporting of the key study details, it is difficult for the scientific and health care community to objectively judge the strengths and weaknesses of a prediction model study.
“In the absence of detailed and transparent reporting of the key study details, it is difficult for the scientific and health care community to objectively judge the strengths and weaknesses of a prediction model study.34,50,51”
From Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD Statement (2015) · cites this paper as [50]
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61602-x · Cited by 21,320 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
the CONSORT Group, Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18 · Cited by 13,371 · see citing works
Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4067 · Cited by 9,792 · see citing works
A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis
Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Kemper, E., Holford, T. R., & Feinstein, A. R. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00236-3 · Cited by 9,655 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., & for the CONSORT Group (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c332 · Cited by 9,329 · see citing works
Sterne, J. A. C., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2393 · Cited by 7,299 · see citing works
Decision curve analysis: a novel method for evaluating prediction models
Vickers, A. J., & Elkin, E. B. (2006) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x06295361 · Cited by 6,341 · see citing works
Assessing the Performance of Prediction Models: A Framework for Traditional and Novel Measures
Steyerberg, E. W., Vickers, A. J., Cook, N. R., Gerds, T., Gonen, M., Obuchowski, N., Pencina, M. J., & Kattan, M. W. (2010) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181c30fb2 · Cited by 5,170 · see citing works
An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures
Johnell, O., & Kanis, J. (2006) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0172-4 · Cited by 4,770 · see citing works
Relaxing the Rule of Ten Events per Variable in Logistic and Cox Regression
Vittinghoff, E., & McCulloch, C. E. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwk052 · Cited by 4,359 · see citing works
Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures
Cummings, S. R., & Melton, L. J. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08657-9 · Cited by 3,821 · see citing works
Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation, and Updating
Steyerberg, E. W. (2019) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16399-0 · Cited by 3,281 · see citing works
Towards Complete and Accurate Reporting of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: The STARD Initiative
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P., Irwig, L., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2003) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00443-5 · Cited by 3,182 · see citing works
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
American Cancer Society (2010) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/(issn)1542-4863 · Cited by 2,538 · see citing works
Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations
Gelman, A. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3107 · Cited by 2,536 · see citing works
FRAX™ and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK
Kanis, J. A., Johnell, O., Oden, A., Johansson, H., & McCloskey, E. (2008) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0543-5 · Cited by 2,467 · see citing works
Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK)
McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2005) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dji237 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Feinstein, A. R., & Holford, T. R. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(95)00048-8 · Cited by 2,154 · see citing works
Papaioannou, A., Morin, S. N., Cheung, A. M., Atkinson, S. A., Brown, J. P., Feldman, S., Hanley, D. A., Hodsman, A. B., Jamal, S. A., Kaiser, S., et al. (2010) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.100771 · Cited by 1,742 · see citing works
Clinical Prediction Models—a Practical Approach to Development, Validation and Updating
Bedogni, G. (2009) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2009.00614_16.x · Cited by 1,526 · see citing works
Prognosis and prognostic research: validating a prognostic model
Altman, D. G., Vergouwe, Y., Royston, P., & Moons, K. G. M. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b605 · Cited by 1,436 · see citing works
REporting recommendations for tumour MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK).
for the Statistics Subcommittee of the NCI-EORTC Working Group on Cancer Diagnostics, McShane, L. M., Altman, D. G., Sauerbrei, W., Taube, S. E., Gion, M., & Clark, G. M. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602678 · Cited by 1,394 · see citing works
A systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide
Kanis, J. A., Odén, A., McCloskey, E. V., Johansson, H., Wahl, D. A., Cooper, C. C., & on behalf of the IOF Working Group on Epidemiology and Quality of Life (2012) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-1964-3 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Prognosis and prognostic research: what, why, and how?
Moons, K. G. M., Royston, P., Vergouwe, Y., Grobbee, D. E., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b375 · Cited by 1,337 · see citing works
Kanis, J. A., Odén, A., Johnell, O., Johansson, H., Laet, C. E. D. H. D., Brown, J. P., Burckhardt, P., Cooper, C. C., Christiansen, C., Cummings, S. R., et al. (2007) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0343-y · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Risk prediction models: II. External validation, model updating, and impact assessment
Moons, K. G. M., Kengne, A. P., Grobbee, D. E., Royston, P., Vergouwe, Y., Altman, D. G., & Woodward, M. (2012) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301247 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Prognosis and prognostic research: Developing a prognostic model
Royston, P., Moons, K. G. M., Altman, D. G., & Vergouwe, Y. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b604 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Bone Mineral Density Thresholds for Pharmacological Intervention to Prevent Fractures
Siris, E. S., Chen, Y.-T., Abbott, T. A., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Miller, P. D., Wehren, L. E., & Berger, M. L. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.10.1108 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Stone, K. L., Seeley, D. G., Lui, L., Cauley, J. A., Ensrud, K. E., Browner, W. S., Nevitt, M. C., & Cummings, S. R. (2003) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.11.1947 · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
Using the outcome for imputation of missing predictor values was preferred
Moons, K. G. M., Donders, R. A. R. T., Stijnen, T., & Harrell, F. E. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Prognosis and prognostic research: application and impact of prognostic models in clinical practice
Moons, K. G. M., Altman, D. G., Vergouwe, Y., & Royston, P. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b606 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Moons, K. G. M., Kengne, A. P., Woodward, M., Royston, P., Vergouwe, Y., Altman, D. G., & Grobbee, D. E. (2012) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301246 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Marshall, A., Altman, D. G., HOLDER, R. L., & Royston, P. J. (2009) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-57 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Reilly, B. M., & Evans, A. T. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-3-200602070-00009 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
External validation is necessary in prediction research:
Bleeker, S. E., Moll, H. A., Steyerberg, E. W., Donders, A. R. T., Derksen-Lubsen, G., Grobbee, D. E., & Moons, K. G. M. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00207-5 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Bisphosphonate Use and Atypical Fractures of the Femoral Shaft
Schilcher, J., Michaëlsson, K., & Aspenberg, P. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1010650 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Self-citationVergouwe, Y., Steyerberg, E. W., Eijkemans, M. J. C., & Habbema, J. D. F. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.06.017 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Missing covariate data in medical research: To impute is better than to ignore
Janssen, K. J. M., Donders, A. R. T., Harrell, F. E., Vergouwe, Y., Chen, Q., Grobbee, D. E., & Moons, K. G. M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.12.008 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Simera, I., Moher, D., Hirst, A., Hoey, J., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-24 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Validation, updating and impact of clinical prediction rules: A review
Toll, D. B., Janssen, K. J. M., Vergouwe, Y., & Moons, K. G. M. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.04.008 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Steyerberg, E. W., Borsboom, G. J. J. M., van Houwelingen, H. C., Eijkemans, M. J. C., & Habbema, J. D. F. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1844 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Wells, G. A., Cranney, A., Peterson, J., Boucher, M., Shea, B., Welch, V. A., Coyle, D., & Tugwell, P. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003376.pub3 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Hippisley-Cox, J., & Coupland, C. (2009) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.b4229 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe
Kanis, J. A., & Johnell, O. (2004) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1811-2 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Collins, G. S., Mallett, S., Omar, O., & Yu, L.-M. (2011) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-103 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks
Nguyen, N. D., Frost, S. A., Eisman, J. A., & Nguyen, T. V. (2008) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0588-0 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Compston, J. E., Cooper, A., Cooper, C. C., Francis, R. M., Kanis, J. A., Marsh, D., McCloskey, E. V., Reid, D. M., Selby, P. L., & Wilkins, M. (2009) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.022 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Wells, G. A., Cranney, A., Peterson, J., Boucher, M., Shea, B., Welch, V. A., Coyle, D., & Tugwell, P. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001155.pub2 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Updating methods improved the performance of a clinical prediction model in new patients
Janssen, K. J. M., Moons, K. G. M., Kalkman, C. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Vergouwe, Y. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.04.018 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Hippisley-Cox, J., & Coupland, C. (2012) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.e3427 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Systematic review of prognostic models in traumatic brain injury
Perel, P., Edwards, P. J., Wentz, R., & Roberts, I. (2006) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-6-38 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk of Hip Fracture
Sennerby, U. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1463 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Courvoisier, D. S., Combescure, C., Agoritsas, T., Gayet‐Ageron, A., & Perneger, T. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.11.012 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Development and validation of a prediction model with missing predictor data: a practical approach
Vergouwe, Y., Royston, P. J., Moons, K. G. M., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.03.017 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Independent clinical validation of a Canadian FRAX tool: Fracture prediction and model calibration
Leslie, W. D., Lix, L. M., Johansson, H., et al. (2010) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.123 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Development of a nomogram for individualizing hip fracture risk in men and women
Nguyen, N. D., Frost, S. A., Eisman, J. A., & Nguyen, T. V. (2007) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0362-8 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Methodological challenges in the evaluation of prognostic factors in breast cancer.
Altman, D. G., & Lyman, G. H. (1998) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1023/a:1006193704132 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Collins, P. G. S., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2442 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Marshall, A., Altman, D. G., Royston, P. J., & HOLDER, R. L. (2010) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-7 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Reproducible research and Biostatistics
Peng, R. D. (2009) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxp014 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Clinical Judgment Revisited: The Distraction of Quantitative Models
Feinstein, A. R. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-9-199405010-00012 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Burton, A., & Altman, D. G. (2004) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601907 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Reproducible Research: Moving toward Research the Public Can Really Trust
Laine, C., Goodman, S. N., Griswold, M. E., & Sox, H. C. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00154 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Wells, G. A., Cranney, A., Peterson, J., Boucher, M., Shea, B., Welch, V. A., Coyle, D., & Tugwell, P. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004523.pub3 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Reporting methods in studies developing prognostic models in cancer: a review
Mallett, S., Royston, P., Dutton, S., Waters, R., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-20 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Reporting performance of prognostic models in cancer: a review.
Mallett, S., Royston, P., Waters, R., Dutton, S., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-21 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A Revised Clinician’s Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis
Dawson‐Hughes, B. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0926 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Meads, C., Ahmed, I., & Riley, R. D. (2011) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1818-2 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
McClung, M. R., Boonen, S., Törring, O., Roux, C., Rizzoli, R., Bone, H. G., Benhamou, C.-L., Lems, W. F., Minisola, S., Halse, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.536 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Prognosis of fracture: evaluation of predictive accuracy of the FRAX™ algorithm and Garvan nomogram
Sandhu, S. K., Nguyen, N. D., Pocock, N. A., Eisman, J. A., & Nguyen, T. V. (2009) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1026-7 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Dealing with Missing Predictor Values When Applying Clinical Prediction Models
Janssen, K. J. M., Vergouwe, Y., Donders, A. R. T., Harrell, F. E., Chen, Q., Grobbee, D. E., & Moons, K. G. M. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.115345 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Utility and Limitations of FRAX: A US Perspective
Silverman, S. L., & Calderon, A. D. (2010) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-010-0032-1 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Ettema, R. G. A., Peelen, L. M., Schuurmans, M. J., Nierich, A. P., Kalkman, C. J., & Moons, K. G. M. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.926808 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Siontis, G. C. M. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.334 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of atypical femoral fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw
Compston, J. (2011) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1804-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Collins, P. G. S., Mallett, S., & Altman, D. G. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d3651 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Framework for the impact analysis and implementation of Clinical Prediction Rules (CPRs)
(Members of the International Diagnostic and Prognosis Prediction (IDAPP) group), Wallace, E., Smith, S. M., Perera, R., Vaucher, P., McCowan, C., Collins, P. G. S., Verbakel, J. Y. J., Lakhanpaul, M., & Fahey, T. P. (2011) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-11-62 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Everything you always wanted to know about evaluating prediction models (but were too afraid to ask)
Vickers, A. J., & Cronin, A. M. (2010) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.06.019 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Prediction models in cancer care
Vickers, A. J. (2011) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.20118 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Pitfalls in the external validation of FRAX
Kanis, J. A., Odén, A., Johansson, H., & McCloskey, E. V. (2011) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1846-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Vickers, A. J., & Cronin, A. M. (2010) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.12.004 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Peek, N., Arts, D. G. T., Bosman, R. J., van der Voort, P. H. J., & de Keizer, N. F. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.08.011 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX ® ): Applications in Clinical Practice
Watts, N. B. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2294 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Imaging of axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis
Braun, J., & Baraliakos, X. (2011) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2010.140541 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Construction, validation and updating of a prognostic model for kidney graft survival
van Houwelingen, H. C., & Thorogood, J. (1995) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780141806 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Pluskiewicz, W., Adamczyk, P., Franek, E., et al. (2010) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.02.012 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Health care with equity and cost containment
CALLTORP, J. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91278-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Identification of incident injuries in hospital discharge registers
Gedeborg, R., Engquist, H., Berglund, L., & Michaëlsson, K. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318181319e · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Langsetmo, L., Nguyen, T. V., Nguyen, N. D., et al. (2010) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.100458 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Writing a research article that is "fit for purpose": EQUATOR Network and reporting guidelines
Simera, I., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebm.14.5.132 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Shepstone, L., Fordham, R. J., Lenaghan, E., Harvey, I. M., Cooper, C. C., Gittoes, N. J. L., Heawood, A., Peters, T. J., O’Neill, T. W., Torgerson, D. J., et al. (2012) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1876-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cummins, N. M., Poku, E. K., Towler, M. R., O'Driscoll, O. M., & Ralston, S. H. (2011) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-011-9504-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Disparate Outcomes from Applying U.K. and U.S. Osteoporosis Treatment Guidelines
Bolland, M. J., & Grey, A. B. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2157 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Individualizing fracture risk prediction
van Geel, T. A. C. M., van den Bergh, J. P., Dinant, G., et al. (2010) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Updating risk prediction tools: A case study in prostate cancer
Ankerst, D. P., Koniarski, T., Liang, Y., Leach, R. J., Feng, Z., Sanda, M. G., Partin, A. W., Chan, D. W., Kagan, J., Sokoll, L. J., et al. (2011) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.201100062 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
van Geel, T. A. C. M., Nguyen, N. D., Geusens, P., et al. (2010) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2010.131813 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Steurer, J., Haller, C., Häuselmann, H., Brunner, F., & Bachmann, L. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019994 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Courvoisier, D. S., Combescure, C., Agoritsas, T., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mayor, S. J. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c7025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comment on Compston: Pathophysiology of atypical femoral fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw
Michaëlsson, K., Schilcher, J., & Aspenberg, P. (2012) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-1905-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moons, K. G. M., Altman, D. G., Reitsma, J. B., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Macaskill, P., Steyerberg, E. W., Vickers, A. J., Ransohoff, D. F., & Collins, G. S. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0698 · Cited by 5,147 · see citing works
Self-citationCollins, G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g7594 · Cited by 4,388 · see citing works
Self-citationCollins, G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0697 · Cited by 3,267 · see citing works
Self-citationCollins, G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0241-z · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
“In the absence of detailed and transparent reporting of the key study details, it is difficult for the scientific and health care community to objectively judge the strengths and weaknesses of a prediction model study [34,50,51].”
Self-citationCollins, G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.014508 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Self-citationCollins, G. S., de Groot, J. A., Dutton, S., Omar, O., Shanyinde, M., Tajar, A., Voysey, M., Wharton, R., Yu, L.-M., Moons, K. G., et al. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-40 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Riley, R. D., Ensor, J., Snell, K. I. E., Debray, T. P. A., Altman, D. G., Moons, K. G. M., & Collins, G. S. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i3140 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Self-citationCollins, G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M. (2015) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.025 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Conflicts at the heart of the FRAX tool
Järvinen, T. L. N., Jokihaara, J., Guy, P., Alonso-Coello, P., Collins, G. S., Michaëlsson, K., & Sievänen, H. (2014) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.121874 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Collins, G. S., & Michaëlsson, K.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- ORCID
- Michaëlsson, Karl
- Venue
- Current Osteoporosis Reports
- Published
- 2012-06-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 199-207
- ISSN
- 1544-1873 (ISSN-L)
- 1544-2241
- OpenAlex
- W1990083361
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Osteoporosis Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hip and Femur Fractures
- Keywords
- fracture risk assessment, osteoporotic fractures, hip fracture, FRAX, QFracture, fracture prediction model, model validation, risk factor selection, model transparency, reporting quality, methodological critique
- MeSH terms
- Hip Fractures, Humans, Prognosis, Review Literature as Topic, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, Validation Studies as Topic, Osteoporotic Fractures
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
