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Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging
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The inflammaging concept was introduced in 2000 by Prof. Franceschi. This was an evolutionary or rather a revolutionary conceptualization of the immune changes in response to a lifelong stress. This conceptualization permitted to consider the lifelong proinflammatory process as an adaptation which could eventually lead to either beneficial or detrimental consequences. This dichotomy is influenced by both the genetics and the environment. Depending on which way prevails in an individual, the outcome may be healthy longevity or pathological aging burdened with aging-related diseases. The concept of inflammaging has also revealed the complex, systemic nature of aging. Thus, this conceptualization opens the way to consider age-related processes in their complexity, meaning that not only the process but also all counter-processes should be considered. It has also opened the way to add new concepts to the original one, leading to better understanding of the nature of inflammaging and of aging itself. Finally, it showed the way towards potential multimodal interventions involving a holistic approach to optimize the aging process towards a healthy longevity.
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“A relationship between aging and chronic, low-grade inflammation exists, in which a term called “inflammaging” arose, coined by Dr. Franceschi in the year 2000 (38). With this, proinflammatory cytokines are notably increased, including immune cells infiltrating WAT (38).”
From Metabolic impact of endogenously produced estrogens by adipose tissue in females and males across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
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Balneotherapy as a potential immunomodulator in inflammaging
Alp, A., Ellergezen, P. H., & Ercan, İ. (2025) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-025-07708-1 · Cited by 2
Hong, Y. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202503032r · Cited by 1
Kaur, S., Abhisheka, N. S., & Singh, L. (2025) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-025-06514-6 · Cited by 2
Ciortea, I., Vaștag, E., Fira-Mlădinescu, C., Crișan, A. F., Wellmann, N., Trușculescu, A. A., Bertici, N. S., Trăilă, D., Oancea, C. I., & Firă-Mladinescu, O. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15010180 · Cited by 2
Molecular time machines unleashed: small-molecule-driven reprogramming to reverse the senescence
Tang, C., Zhang, Z., Yang, C., Li, L., Li, J., Cheng, X., Zhou, W., Lin, Y., Zeng, L., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1093/stcltm/szaf069 · Cited by 2
Aging Reshapes γ/δ T‐Cell Immunity Through a Type I Interferon–Foxo1 Axis
Durand, A., Porte, S., Xing, E., Wu, C., Bon, A. L., Auffray, C., Lucas, B., & Martin, B. (2026) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70389 · Cited by 2
Vitamin D and Older Adults: To Supplement or Not to Supplement?
Mourelatou, N. G., Rebelos, E., Hughes, M., Kounatidis, D. C., & Jude, E. B. (2026) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-025-01277-3 · Cited by 2
Interleukin-6 in Natural and Pathophysiological Kidney Aging
Mutig, K., Singh, P. B., & Lebedeva, S. V. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15030225 · Cited by 2
Сергеевич, В. М., Pospelova, M. L., Nikolaeva, A. E., Krasnikova, V. V., Makhanova, A. M., Fionik, O. V., Samochernykh, K. A., Alekseeva, T., Combs, S. E., & Shevtsov, M. A. (2026) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol33020121 · Cited by 2
Wu, Y., 叶兵, Zhao, T., & Lu, P. (2026) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s576360 · Cited by 2
Targeting immunosenescence in lung diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical interventions
Zhang, Y., Yu, X., Li, P., Ouyang, Y., Zhu, L., & Luo, F. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04833-9 · Cited by 2
Ultra-Processed Foods and Chronic Kidney Disease: Is Inflammaging the Missing Link?
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Jiang, F., Dong, B., Wang, Y., & Xiong, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27104322 · Cited by 2
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Beaziz, J., Avallone, G., Langer, K., DUCA, E. D., Navrazhina, K., He, H., & Guttman‐Yassky, E. (2026) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2026.05.015 · Cited by 3
Harris, C., Nisar, M. A., Amamoo, R., Patel, R., Martin, P. M., Jadeja, R. N., & Thounaojam, M. C. (2026) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2026.111094 · Cited by 3
Decoding the tumor-aging axis: from bench to clinical
Wang, Y., Lv, G., Gao, X., Zheng, J. H., Huang, J., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1823423 · Cited by 2
Rose, A., Muthukumarasamy, K. M., Dasari, H., Gaudreau, P., & Hiram, R. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103266 · Cited by 2
Polidori, M. C., Ferrucci, L., & Franceschi, C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823761-8.00012-4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPattern of Post COVID Fatigue in Elderly Patients
Gaber, T. A. (2023) · Advances in Rehabilitation Science and Practice · doi:10.1177/27536351231194561 · Cited by 2
Immune system rejuvenation—approaches and real achievements
Pishel, I. (2023) · Exploration of Immunology · doi:10.37349/ei.2023.00105 · Cited by 2
Zrzavy, T., Rieder, K., Wuketich, V., Thalhammer, R., Haslacher, H., Altmann, P., Kornek, B., Krajnc, N., Monschein, T., Schmied, C., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1388941 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Khalil, A., Cohen, A. A., Hirokawa, K., Witkowski, J. M., & Franceschi, C.
- Affiliations
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Health Sciences North (CA)
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- Gdańsk Medical University (PL)
- N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (RU)
- Venue
- Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
- Published
- 2021-09-18
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-122
- ISSN
- 1080-0549 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-0267
- PMC
- PMC8449217
- OpenAlex
- W3201542050
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- cihr (106634 and PJT-162366)
- fonds de recherche du québec-société et culture
- krajowy naukowy osrodek wiodacy
- a*star
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- inflammaging, immunosenescence, aging, low-grade inflammation, healthy longevity, age-related diseases, genetic and environmental factors, multimodal intervention
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Longevity, Pregnancy, Parturition
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