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Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging
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The inflammaging concept was introduced in 2000 by Prof. Franceschi. This was an evolutionary or rather a revolutionary conceptualization of the immune changes in response to a lifelong stress. This conceptualization permitted to consider the lifelong proinflammatory process as an adaptation which could eventually lead to either beneficial or detrimental consequences. This dichotomy is influenced by both the genetics and the environment. Depending on which way prevails in an individual, the outcome may be healthy longevity or pathological aging burdened with aging-related diseases. The concept of inflammaging has also revealed the complex, systemic nature of aging. Thus, this conceptualization opens the way to consider age-related processes in their complexity, meaning that not only the process but also all counter-processes should be considered. It has also opened the way to add new concepts to the original one, leading to better understanding of the nature of inflammaging and of aging itself. Finally, it showed the way towards potential multimodal interventions involving a holistic approach to optimize the aging process towards a healthy longevity.
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“A relationship between aging and chronic, low-grade inflammation exists, in which a term called “inflammaging” arose, coined by Dr. Franceschi in the year 2000 (38). With this, proinflammatory cytokines are notably increased, including immune cells infiltrating WAT (38).”
From Metabolic impact of endogenously produced estrogens by adipose tissue in females and males across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
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Role of Sex and Age in Fatal Outcomes of COVID-19: Women and Older Centenarians Are More Resilient
Caruso, C., Marcon, G., Accardi, G., Aiello, A., Calabrò, A., Ligotti, M. E., Tettamanti, M., Franceschi, C., & Candore, G. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032638 · Cited by 27
Self-citationLu, W., Chen, X. '., & Liu, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1547763 · Cited by 26
Lee, A. A., & Den Hartigh, L. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1682231 · Cited by 32
Plant-Derived Proteins and Peptides as Potential Immunomodulators
Szerszunowicz, I., & Kozicki, S. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29010209 · Cited by 25
Türk, L., Filippov, I. V., Arnold, C., Zaugg, J. B., Tserel, L., Kisand, K. E., & Peterson, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1285798 · Cited by 27
Müller, L., & Benedetto, S. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393324 · Cited by 25
Liang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1733798 · Cited by 32
Mechanisms of the NAD+ salvage pathway in enhancing skeletal muscle function
Su, M., Qiu, F., Li, Y., Che, T., Li, N., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1464815 · Cited by 27
Targeting immunosenescence for improved tumor immunotherapy
Liu, Z., Zuo, L., Zhou, Z., Liu, S., Ba, Y., Zuo, A., Ren, Y., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Ma, H., et al. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.777 · Cited by 24
Exploring the Prospective Role of Propolis in Modifying Aging Hallmarks
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New Horizons in cellular senescence for clinicians
Witham, M. D., Granic, A., Miwa, S., Passos, J. F., Richardson, G. D., & Sayer, A. A. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad127 · Cited by 26
The Impact of Microgravity on Immunological States.
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Inflammation in Development and Aging: Insights from the Zebrafish Model
Mastrogiovanni, M., Martínez-Navarro, F. J., Bowman, T. V., & Cayuela, M. L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042145 · Cited by 27
Immunometabolism in the Aging Heart
Mapuskar, K. A., London, B., Zacharias, Z. R., Houtman, J. C. D., & Allen, B. G. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.039216 · Cited by 23
The gut microbiome and ageing trajectories: mechanisms and clinical implications
Ticinesi, A., Maggi, S., Nouvenne, A., Zuliani, G., & Franceschi, C. (2026) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-026-01236-x · Cited by 25
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Galacto-Oligosaccharides and the Elderly Gut: Implications for Immune Restoration and Health
Hu, Y., Aljumaah, M. R., & Azcárate-Peril, M. A. (2024) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100263 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Khalil, A., Cohen, A. A., Hirokawa, K., Witkowski, J. M., & Franceschi, C.
- Affiliations
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Health Sciences North (CA)
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- Gdańsk Medical University (PL)
- N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (RU)
- Venue
- Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
- Published
- 2021-09-18
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-122
- ISSN
- 1080-0549 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-0267
- PMC
- PMC8449217
- OpenAlex
- W3201542050
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- cihr (106634 and PJT-162366)
- fonds de recherche du québec-société et culture
- krajowy naukowy osrodek wiodacy
- a*star
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- inflammaging, immunosenescence, aging, low-grade inflammation, healthy longevity, age-related diseases, genetic and environmental factors, multimodal intervention
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Longevity, Pregnancy, Parturition
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