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Cited by 8Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The Argentinian version of the cognitive fusion questionnaire: Psychometric properties and the role of cognitive fusion as a predictor of pathological worry

Open access
José Quintero, Paula S., Rodríguez Biglieri, Ricardo, Etchezahar, Edgardo, Gillanders, David T.·2022·Current Psychology
DOI 10.1007/s12144-020-00767-4
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Abstract

The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) consists in an instrument used to measure cognitive fusion. Cognitive fusion can be described as a core process in the psychopathology model of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The purpose of this study was to adapt the CFQ for the Argentinian population, to validate it through a confirmatory factor analysis together with the analysis of its psychometric properties in a local community sample, and to look into the role cognitive fusion plays as a predictor of pathological worry. Three hundred and thirty-three adult participants filled out not only the Argentinian adaptation of the questionnaire (CFQ-VA) but also measures that assessed psychological inflexibility, worry, rumination, mindfulness and psychological well-being. The results indicate that the CFQ’s one-factor structure was confirmed. The instrument showed adequate internal consistency, good temporal stability, and significant associations in the expected directions with relevant selected constructs indicating adequate criterion validity. Also, cognitive fusion emerged as a good predictor of worry. In conclusion, the findings confirm that the Argentinian adaptation of the CFQ presents solid psychometric properties. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s12144-020-00767-4

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

11 of 39 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    The CFQ-VA showed good temporal stability over four weeks, with r = .76 and p < .001.

    “The results indicated good temporal stability for the CFQ-VA over said period of time (r = .76;p < .001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Item-total correlations for the CFQ-VA ranged from .58 to .78.

    “the item-total correlation for each item was estimated from .58 to .78”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Each measure used in the study showed good internal consistency.

    “Each instrument showed good internal consistency (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Alpha-if-item-deleted values indicated that every CFQ-VA item contributed to the scale's internal consistency.

    “Also, the alpha, if item was deleted, showed that all items contributed to the internal consistency of the entire scale (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The retest sample's mean CFQ-VA score was 23.81 with a standard deviation of 6.77.

    “For the retest, participants' mean score for the total scale was 23.81 (SD = 6.77).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 32
  • May combine two claims. 30
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The original CFQ showed adequate internal consistency, temporal stability, construct, incremental, and discriminant validity, and sensitivity to treatment effects.

    “The original CFQ showed adequate internal consistency across different samples, good temporal stability, construct, incremental, and discriminant validity, as well as sensitivity to treatment effects (Gillanders et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gillanders et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People with GAD tend to fuse with thoughts of uncertainty about the future and then use avoidance strategies such as worry.

    “Specifically, people with GAD tend to fuse with thoughts of uncertainty about the future and when that happens they tend to use avoidance strategies such as worry (Ruiz, Langer Herrera, Luciano, Cangas & Beltrán, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ruiz, Langer Herrera, Luciano, Cangas & Beltrán, 2013 source

      The Instruments section (p. 3) says persistent worry characterizes generalized anxiety disorder, and the Abstract (p. 1) defines experiential avoidance as efforts to escape aversive thoughts and other private experiences. Neither passage says that people with GAD fuse with thoughts of future uncertainty or that such fusion leads them to use worry as an avoidance strategy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A given instrument may yield different factor structures across populations.

    “instruments can produce different factor structures in different populations (Bolderston, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bolderston, 2013

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Colombian CFQ version tested in 1763 participants had adequate internal consistency across samples, with Cronbach's alpha between .89 and .93.

    “The Colombian version (Ruiz et al., 2017) was tested in a total sample of 1763 participants and internal consistency throughout the different samples proved to be adequate (Cronbach's alpha between .89 and .93).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ruiz et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The original CFQ's exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a final unifactorial structure with adequate model fit.

    “Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses had been conducted in the original study showing a final unifactorial structure with an adequate model fit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gillanders et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Females may present more cognitive fusion than males.

    “some empirical studies suggest that females present more cognitive fusion than males (Dinis, Carvalho, Pinto-Gouveia & Estanqueiro, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dinis, Carvalho, Pinto-Gouveia & Estanqueiro, 2015

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The Argentinian CFQ has a 7-item single-factor structure with good overall model fit.

    “Reflecting consistency with the original study (Gillanders et al., 2014), results point to a 7-item single-factor scale for the Argentinian adaptation of the CFQ, as this one-dimensional model showed good overall model fit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gillanders et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior studies have found similar associations between cognitive fusion and related well-being variables such as life satisfaction and quality of life.

    “Similar results were found with related variables like life satisfaction and quality of life (Gillanders et al., 2014;Romero-Moreno et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gillanders et al., 2014 source
    • cites Romero-Moreno et al., 2014

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Measurement invariance across cultural samples is relevant to determine whether a scale measures the same process and enhances confidence in the measure.

    “the measurement invariance analysis across different cultural samples is relevant to investigate if the scale is measuring the same process, and measurement invariance enhances the confidence in the measure (Elosua, Mujika, Almeida & Hermosilla, 2014;Widaman & Reise, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Elosua, Mujika, Almeida & Hermosilla, 2014 source

      The Estudio teórico (p. 3) says that a construct’s equivalence between source and target populations should be evaluated rather than assumed, supporting the cross-cultural comparison. The paper does not specifically say that measurement-invariance analysis enhances confidence in a measure; its emphasis is on procedures before empirical confirmation. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Widaman & Reise, 1997 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion are highly related constructs, with associations highlighted in several studies.

    “experiential avoidance and fusion are highly related constructs and their associations had been highlighted in several studies (e.g.Bardeen & Fergus, 2016;Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette & Strosahl, 1996;Gillanders et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bardeen & Fergus, 2016 source
    • cites Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette & Strosahl, 1996 source
    • cites Gillanders et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cognitive fusion mediates the relationship between mental health and age.

    “some recent research explored the relationship between these two variables (Edwards, 2019) where results indicate that cognitive fusion mediates the relationship between mental health and age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Edwards, 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Female participants scored significantly higher than male participants on the CFQ-VA, t(316)=2.45, p<.05, with female M=23.57, SD=8.75 and male M=20.95, SD=9.04, Cohen's d=.29.

    “This comparison allowed us to see significant differences between scores (t (316) = 2.45, p < .05),with significantly higher scores for female (M = 23.57,SD = 8.75) than male (M = 20.95,SD = 9.04; Cohen´s d = .29).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    CFQ-VA scores correlated moderately and negatively with psychological well-being.

    “The CFQ-VA also showed moderate correlations in predicted directions with measures of mindfulness and psychological well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    CFQ-VA scores correlated moderately and negatively with mindfulness.

    “The CFQ-VA also showed moderate correlations in predicted directions with measures of mindfulness and psychological well-being.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CFQ-VA scores correlated highly and positively with worry, including r = .58 with PSWQ.

    “The CFQ-VA correlated highly and in predicted directions with measures of psychological inflexibility, rumination, and worry.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The high positive correlation between the CFQ-VA and the PSWQ (r = .58,p < .001)deserves some further consideration as this relation was not explored in the original study”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The normed chi-square was below five, indicating adequate fit.

    “The normed chi-square showed good fit presenting a value under five which represents an adequate model fit (Hair et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hair et al., 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    CFQ-VA scores had a small negative correlation with age, r=-.12, p<.05.

    “Also, a small correlation was found between the CFQ-VA scores and age (r = -.12;p < .05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    CFI and IFI values were above .95, indicating adequate fit.

    “The CFI and IFI showed adequate fit, with values above .95(Hu & Bentler, 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hu & Bentler, 1998 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cognitive fusion was positively associated with worry and significantly predicted it, β=.58, p<.001.

    “A simple linear regression indicated that cognitive fusion was positively associated with worry and could predict it in a statistically significant manner (β = .58;p < .001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Adding AAQ-II did not significantly improve prediction of worry, with a non-significant change in explained variance, R2=.035.

    “The results indicated that changes in the explained variance were non-significant (R 2 = .035).Adding AAQ II did not improve the prediction power of the CFQ-VA (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CFQ-VA had a strong unifactorial structure, with adequate fit indices (χ2=49.88, df=14, CFI=.97, IFI=.97, RMSEA=.08, SRMR=.03).

    “• The CFQ-VA possessed a strong unifactorial structure and an adequate internal consistency.”
    • Also stated in: § Tables and Figures · plain
      “49.88 *** | 14 | 3.56 | .97 | .97 | .08 | .03”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    All CFQ-VA items contributed to the scale and had good discrimination power.

    “so it was possible to conclude that all items contribute to the scale, showing good discrimination power (Hair et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hair et al., 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In ACT theory, acting on personal values and observing private experiences with awareness and distance are precursors of psychological well-being.

    “From the ACT perspective, living according to personal values and adopting an aware attitude of observation and distance regarding private experiences are precursors of psychological well-being (Hayes et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hayes et al., 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Self-report measure scores need validation in the specific context where they will be applied.

    “to use self-report measures as a reliable instrument, their scores need to be validated in advance in the specific context they are going to be applied (Urbina, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Urbina, 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Multiple studies have found that females report more worry than males.

    “Third, several studies have reported higher levels of worry in females than in males (Molina & Borkovec, 1994;Robichaud, Dugas & Conway, 2003;Rodríguez-Biglieri & Vetere, 2011;Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Molina & Borkovec, 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Robichaud, Dugas & Conway, 2003 source
    • cites Rodríguez-Biglieri & Vetere, 2011 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Increasing cognitive defusion can predict decreases in worry.

    “some studies have shown that increasing cognitive defusion can predict the decreasing of worry (Arch, Wolitzky-Taylor, Eifert & Craske, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arch, Wolitzky-Taylor, Eifert & Craske, 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The original CFQ is a unidimensional 7-item self-report questionnaire.

    “The CFQ is a unidimensional 7-item self-report questionnaire.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Three protocol versions with the same measures in different orders were created and administered randomly to avoid sequencing effects.

    “So as to avoid the influence of a sequencing effect, three protocols were created, including the same measures in a different order.The protocols were administered in a random manner.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Valid instruments adapted for local populations are important.

    “the importance of having valid instruments adapted for local populations has been highlighted several times in the scientific literature (van de Vijver & Tanzer, 2004;Muñiz, Elosua & Hambleton, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites van de Vijver & Tanzer, 2004 source
    • cites Muñiz, Elosua & Hambleton, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the Colombian CFQ validation, a statistically relevant sex difference in CFQ scores was found in one of three samples (N=762).

    “For the Colombian version, a difference of statistical relevance was found between males and females' CFQ scores in one (N = 762) of three samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The validation of the CFQ in Catalan found differences in mean scores.

    “differences in mean scores were also found in the validation process of the CFQ in Catalan (Solé et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Solé et al., 2015 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The number of participants was sufficient for the analyses performed.

    “The sample size was appropriate for the analyses that were conducted (Hair, Black, Babin & Anderson, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hair, Black, Babin & Anderson, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Thirty-eight participants completed the four-week retest.

    “A total of 38 participants completed the re-assessment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    A back translation was obtained and assessed by the original author as a control.

    “As a means of control, we asked for a back translation as suggested by Brislin, Lonner and Thorndike (1973).Immediately afterwards, the original author assessed such back translation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brislin, Lonner and Thorndike (1973)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Male participants were underrepresented in the sample, making up only 32.3% (n = 107), so generalization of the results requires caution.

    “Initially, it is important to consider that male participants were underrepresented in the sample; only 32.3% (n = 107) of the participants were male, so some caution is necessary when generalizing these results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Spanish CFQ version validated in Spain with dementia caregivers (N=179) had good internal consistency, α=.87.

    “The Spanish version (Romero-Moreno et al., 2014), validated in Spain with a fairly small sample consisting of dementia patients' caregivers (N = 179), showed good internal consistency (α = .87).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Romero-Moreno et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Worry has been framed as anxiety avoidance, experiential avoidance, and uncertainty reduction.

    “Worry has been proposed as a way of avoiding anxiety (Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky & DePree, 1983), as a form of experiential avoidance (Roemer & Orsillo, 2002) and a way of reducing uncertainty (Dugas, Gagnon, Ladouceur & Freeston, 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky & DePree, 1983 source
    • cites Roemer & Orsillo, 2002 source
    • cites Dugas, Gagnon, Ladouceur & Freeston, 1998 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A prior study found a positive association between clinical depressive symptoms and cognitive fusion scores only among female caregivers.

    “one study found out a positive association between clinical depressive symptoms and scores related to cognitive fusion, solely for female caregivers (Romero-Moreno et al., 2014)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Romero-Moreno et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The Argentinian CFQ-VA has adequate psychometric properties, including internal consistency, temporal stability, and expected associations with other variables.

    “The results in this study indicate that the Argentinian adaptation of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ-VA) has adequate psychometric properties, including an adequate internal consistency, good temporal stability, and associations in the expected directions with other relevant variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Some instruments used to explore the construct validity of the CFQ-VA, namely the MAAS and AAQ II, lacked formal validation in Argentinian samples.

    “In terms of measures, some of the instruments we used to explore the construct validity of the CFQ-VA lacked formal validation in Argentinian samples (i.e.MAAS and AAQ II).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All measures used in the study were self-report measures.

    “Another limitation of this study is that all measures used were self-report measures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The study provides a valid cognitive fusion measure for the Argentinian population that can be used in clinical and research settings.

    “In conclusion, this study provides a valid cognitive fusion measure for Argentinian population, which could be administered in both clinical and research settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The sample size was small for testing the temporal stability of the CFQ-VA, so those results should be interpreted cautiously.

    “Another limitation constitutes the small size of the sample to test CFQ-VA´s temporal stability so the results should be taken carefully in this sense.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Most participants in the sample were female and no adolescents were included.

    “In relation to the sample, most participants were female and there were no adolescents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal consistencies of the MAAS and AAQ II were calculated and found to be adequate.

    “However, their internal consistencies have been calculated, and they proved to be adequate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Only a confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and no alternative structural models were evaluated.

    “In terms of data analysis, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed and no alternative structural models were evaluated, which constitutes another limitation of the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study's procedures with human participants complied with the institutional and/or national research committee's ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable standards.

    “All procedures carried out in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All individual participants in the study gave informed consent.

    “Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study omitted clinical variables like anxiety and depression, leaving their relationships with the CFQ-VA unknown.

    “In terms of variables' limitations, this study did not include clinical variables such as anxiety or depression, so the relations between these variables and the CFQ-VA are unknown.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All participants lived in Buenos Aires City and its surroundings, so the study did not include participants from other Argentinian provinces.

    “All participants were residents of Buenos Aires City and surroundings, so the study did not include participants from other provinces of Argentina.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The participants were fairly educated.

    “Also, the participants were fairly educated, so it would be of interest to explore the results in a less educated sample, in particularly to test the understanding of the CFQ-VA statements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Self-report methods are neither inherently better nor worse than other behavioral methods.

    “Although this is not necessarily a problem itself as self-report measures are not inherently superior or inferior to other behavioral methods (Ciarrochi et al., 2016)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ciarrochi et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

52 of 52

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prior to this study, no independent test of cognitive fusion as a predictor of worry had been conducted.

    “However, the role of cognitive fusion as a predictor of worry has not been explored independently.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No validated measure of cognitive fusion existed for Argentinian respondents before this study.

    “However, there was not a valid instrument to assess cognitive fusion in the Argentinian population”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Argentinian culture and language differ meaningfully from those of Colombia and Spain.

    “Argentinian culture differs significantly from Colombian or Spanish culture and there are specific language nuances.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Earlier cross-cultural CFQ validation work had not reported age–score relationships.

    “Regarding the relationship between age and CFQ´s scores, data were not reported in previous research on CFQ´s psychometric properties among different cultural contexts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cognitive fusion is considered a core element of psychological flexibility.

    “being cognitive fusion a main component of psychological flexibility, the relationship between CFQ´s scores and age has been explored in this study.”
5 of 5

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(316) = 2.45reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .015

    “t (316) = 2.45, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 303) = 159.89reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,303) =159.89, p < .001”

2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • AAQ-II is called non-significant despite a significant added coefficient

    Major

    The multiple regression adds AAQ-II as the second predictor, but its coefficient is reported as significant (t = 4.11, p < .001). With one added predictor, that significance also means the increase in explained variance is significant, contrary to the stated conclusion.

  • CFQ-worry correlation differs between the discussion and table

    Minor

    The discussion reports the CFQ-VA-PSWQ correlation as .58, whereas Table 3 reports .59 for the same pair of measures.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

5 of the 87 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Blackledge, J. T. (2015). Cognitive defusion in practice: A clinician's guide to assessing, observing, and supporting change in your client. Oakland: Context Press, An Imprint of New Harbinger Publications, Inc..
  2. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. New York, NY: Routledge.
  3. Castañeda, M. B., Cabrera, A., Navarro, Y., & de Vries, W. (2010). Procesamiento de datos y análisis estadísticos utilizando SPSS. Porto Alegre, Brazil: EDIPUCRS.
  4. Casullo, M. M. (2002). Evaluación del bienestar psicológico en Iberoamérica. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Paidós.
  5. Dell’Orco, F., Prevedini, A., Oppo, A., Presti, G. B., & Moderato, P. (2012). Validation study of the Italian version of the cognitive fusion questionnaire (CFQ). Poster presentation at ACBS annual world conference X. DC: Washington.
  6. Hayes, S. (1987). Language and the incompatibility of evolutionary and psychological continuity. Behavior Analysis, 22, 49–54 Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Language+and+the+incompatibility+of+evolutionary+and+psychological+continuity#0.
  7. Soltani, E., Momenzadeh, S., Hoseini, Z., & Bahrainian, S. A. (2016). Reliability and validity of the cognitive fusion questionnaire in Iranian university students. Pejouhandeh, (under review). Retrieved from https://contextualscience.org/cognitive_fusion_questionnaire_persianfarsi_transl

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Authors
José Quintero, P. S., Rodríguez Biglieri, R., Etchezahar, E., & Gillanders, D. T.
Affiliations
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
  • University of Edinburgh (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Current Psychology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-05-03
Volume
41
Issue
5
Pages
2546-2557
ISSN
  • 1046-1310 (ISSN-L)
  • 1936-4733
DOI
10.1007/s12144-020-00767-4
OpenAlex
W3021161087
Cited by
8
References
87
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 2
FWCI
0.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Current Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Conicet (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
cognitive fusion, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, questionnaire adaptation, psychometric validation, pathological worry, psychological inflexibility, rumination, mindfulness, psychological well-being, acceptance and commitment therapy

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