Relation between psychological flexibility, emotional intelligence and emotion regulation in adolescence

Cobos-Sánchez, Lidia; Flujas-Contreras, Juan M.; Becerra, Inmaculada Gómez

doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01067-7

Cited by 60Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Relation between psychological flexibility, emotional intelligence and emotion regulation in adolescence

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Cobos-Sánchez, Lidia, Flujas-Contreras, Juan M., Becerra, Inmaculada Gómez·2022·Current Psychology

DOI 10.1007/s12144-020-01067-7

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Previous studies support the role of Psychological Inflexibility processes in adolescents' suffering and psychopathology, as well as the role of Psychological Flexibility in adolescents' well-being and meaning in life.
“Previous studies support the role of PI processes in adolescents’ suffering and psychopathology (e.g., [49–54]), as well as the role of PF in adolescents’ well-being [55, 56] and meaning in life [57].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [52]

Emotional intelligence
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Emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic perspective on a new RDoC domain
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Background
Long term consequences of suppression of intrusive anxious thoughts and repressive coping
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Background
An Alternative Transdiagnostic Mechanistic Approach to Affective Disorders Illustrated With Research From Clinical Psychology
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“…of psychological flexibility from a dimensional perspective of emotional regulation (Ehrenreich-May and Chu 2013; Fernandez et al. 2016; Kring 2010; Watkins 2015) following previous studies which have identified psychological flexibility as an emotion regulation factor (García-Gómez et al. 2019;…”
Background
Spanish Validation of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y)
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An experimental investigation of thought suppression and anxiety in children
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Self-citation
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“Finally, the Willingness and Action Measure for Children and Adolescents (WAM-C/A; Larson 2008) was used to assess acceptance and willingness to be in contact with unwanted emotions, thoughts and feelings, that is, psychological flexibility.”
Method
Revisión de protocolos de evaluación e intervención en educación emocional en adolescentes en contextos educativos a nivel grupal
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Self-citation
Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy
Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:2

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Defining and measuring “psychological flexibility”: A narrative scoping review of diverse flexibility and rigidity constructs and perspectives
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Relationships between psychological flexibility and internet gaming disorder among adolescents: Mediation effects of depression and maladaptive cognitions
Yang, X., Ebo, T. O., Wong, K., & Wang, X. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281269 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Indeed, psychological flexibility involves people deliberately observing their internal experiences on a moment-to-moment basis, in an open, non-elaborative, non-controlling, and non-judgmental manner [37, 38]; it is also associated with emotion intelligence and emotion regulation [57].”
Background
The mediating effect of social network sites addiction on the relationship between childhood psychological abuse and depression in college students and the moderating effect of psychological flexibility
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Brandão, T., Teixeira, R. J., & Pereira, A. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04021-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…inflexibility have more difficulty in accepting unpleasant feelings, thoughts, and emotions and in regulating emotions in an adaptive way (Cobos-Sánchez et al., 2020); (H4) less emotional intelligence since individuals higher in emotional intelligence are more likely to drop down…”
BackgroundInfluential
Outlining a novel psychometric model of mental flexibility and affect dynamics
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Figueiredo, D. V., Alves, F., & Vagos, P. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04650-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Cobos-Sánchez et al. (2020) found an association between difficulties regulating emotions and PI, in a non-clinical sample of adolescents.”
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Mediated the Relationship Between Reflective Functioning and Borderline Personality Symptoms Among Non-Clinical Adolescents
Kahya, Y., & Munguldar, K. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211061072 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Orouji, F., Abdi, R., & Chalabianloo, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.800041 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“Convergence measures of CF assessed different facets of cognitive and affect processing, already demonstrated to be signiﬁcantly positively and inversely correlated with the construct of CF [4,5,52,53].”
Background
Preliminary efficacy of an acceptance-based diabetes education (ACT-DE) programme for people with type 2 diabetes on diabetes distress and self-care behaviours: A pilot randomised controlled trial
Ngan, H. Y., Chong, Y. Y., Loo, K. M., & Chien, W. T. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.09.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Çakır, B., & Dilmaç, B. (2023) · Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi Eregli Egitim Fakultesi Necmettin Erbakan University · doi:10.51119/ereegf.2023.34 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The role of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation in the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing in adolescents: three-wave longitudinal serial mediation study
Alkal, A. (2025) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-025-02405-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Low PF is also reported to negatively affect emotional regulation processes and trigger the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies [97].”
Examining psychological flexibility in unaccompanied refugee minors: A network analysis
Freymann, J., Morroni, D., Kleinbub, J. R., & Karekla, M. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100808 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Deng, Y., Huang, P., Yang, Q., & Ye, B. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s409395 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In terms of risk factors, prior studies have revealed that psychological flexibility in the ACT model is primarily reflected in cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance.(14,19,26,27) Therefore, lower levels of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance correspond to higher levels of psychological flexibility, and…”
Background
Universal online self-help ACT interventions for youth: A systematic review
Morey, A., Samuel, V. M., & Williams, M. O. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104576 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…which develop during adolescence (e.g., self-control, self-regulation) provide the foundation for psychological flexibility (Doorley et al., 2020), and cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance can increase during mid-adolescence, whilst acceptance may decrease (Cobos-S ´ anchez et al., 2022).”
Index of healthy eating and emotional eating in relation to psychological inflexibility in dance students
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The Role of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescent Internet Gaming Disorder and Social Media Addiction: Emotional Regulation and Stress Coping Mechanisms
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Psychopathological Symptoms in Volleyball Coaches: An Approximation of Their Relationships With Coping Strategies and Psychological Inflexibility
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Emotional Intelligence in Secondary School Students
Bahat, B., & Ovsenik, M. (2020) · Revija za univerzalno odličnost · doi:10.37886/ruo.2020.018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“(Cobos Sanchez, 2020, pp. 66) Students who are left without motivation feel lonely, dissatisfied, scared, discouraged, and anxious.”
Background
Exploring the development of adolescents’ scientific creativity among science fair winners through the lens of resilience
Chiang, J., Yeh, Y., & Lee, J. M. (2024) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101647 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adult Attachment Styles: Emotion Regulation and Depressive Symptoms: A Comparison between Postpartum and Non-Postpartum Women in Turkiye
Durak, H. (2024) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/2146 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…is associated with mental disorders such as depression (Hong et al., 2019; Zheng et al., 2020), anxiety (O’Toole et al., 2019; Read et al., 2018), borderline personality disorder (Daros & Williams, 2019) and it is also related to psychological inflexibility (Cobos-Sánchez et al., 2020).”
Background
Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol.
Figueiredo, D. V., Salvador, M. D. C., Rijo, D., & Vagos, P. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02608-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…be in line with existing research with adolescents supporting the associations between PI/PF and positive (e.g., [55, 57]) and negative (e.g., [52, 54]) mental health outcomes in clinical (e.g., [53]) and non-clinical samples (e.g., [51]), though not specifically applied to GAD and SAD in…”
Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy-based intervention on psychological flexibility, empathy, and anger in adolescents involved in crime
Genç, M., Bilgin, H., & Yavuz, K. F. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04239-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Conversely, greater psychological flexibility has been linked to more adaptive and value-consistent responses, particularly in emotionally charged interpersonal situations [24, 25].”
The Transformation of Empathic Care in the Digital Age: A Scoping Review on Digital Empathy from a Nursing Perspective
Yıldırım, A., Açıkgöz, G., & Kutlu, L. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14142042 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…of techno-caritas has been proposed as a broader conceptual framework that positions digital empathy within the ethical, relational, and caring dimensions of technology-mediated nursing practice, emphasizing that technology should extend rather than replace therapeutic relationships [12,56].”
The Effect of Online Multi-Component Positive Psychology Intervention on Adolescents’ Risky Behaviors and Psychological Flexibility: A Mixed Method Study
Alkal, A., & Çam, S. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00840-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Inteligencia emocional y relaciones con la (in)flexibilidad psicológica en esgrimistas
Cano-Manzano, P., Moreno, E., Durán-Andrada, J., Tejedor-Benítez, R., Carrasco-Rodríguez, Y., Fernández-Macías, M. Á., & Arbinaga, F. (2024) · Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y el Ejercicio Físico · doi:10.5093/rpadef2024a11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Scouting as a Strategy in Support of Mental Health Development Through the Formation of Sense of Self-Efficacy
Szałachowski, R. R., Własak, W., & Tuszyńska-Bogucka, W. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14121268 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Youth
Petersen, J. M. (2025) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2025.02.012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An “orthorexic society”: The role of psychological flexibility in responding to healthy eating pressures
Dumas, C. R., Malo, R., Rommel, D., & Congard, A. (2025) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101207 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advancing in Personalization of Psychological, Indicated Preventive Interventions: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adolescents at High-Risk of Developing Emotional Disorders
Zafra-Palomino, L., López, L. J. G., & Jiménez-Vázquez, D. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02062-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Inteligencia emocional y flexibilidad psicológica en estudiantes universitarios
Muñoz, A. A. G., & Espín, A. D. P. V. (2023) · Revista Científica Arbitrada Multidisciplinaria PENTACIENCIAS · doi:10.59169/pentaciencias.v5i7.914 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychological Inflexibility in Spanish Adults: Characteristics of Emotional Eating and the Healthy Eating Index
Arbinaga, F., Sierra, M., Martínez-García, C., Bernal-López, M., Carrasco-Rodríguez, Y., & Moreno-San-Pedro, E. (2024) · Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5455/pbs.20240331062223 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A study of the artistic techniques of the French writer Pascal Quignard in the context of developing emotional intelligence in high school students
Abueva, N. A., Wu, Y., Бузело, А. С., Dzhanegizova, A., Karakushev, D., & Obrenovic, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1617127 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chronotype and Self-Reported Perception of Sleep Quality in Relation to Psychological Inflexibility in Dance StudentsPreprint
Arbinaga, F., Moreno-San-Pedro, E., Fernández-Acosta, G., & Sierra, M. I. M. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1712.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (CompACT)
Department of Psychology, F. O. E. A. P., Hajloo, N., Pourabdol, S., Department of Psychology, F. O. H., Sobhi Gharamaleki, N., Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, F. O. P. E. A. S. S., Beyki, M., & Department of Psychology, F. O. H. (2022) · Qom Univ Med Sci J · doi:10.32598/qums.15.11.2542
The Role of Cognitive Flexibility Components in the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Distress
Dehshiri, G., Amani, N., & Sourmeh, R. (2025) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2025.2536285
Psychometric properties of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y8) in socioeconomically disadvantaged Chilean adolescents
Núñez, D., Trigueros, R., Yañez-Lizana, J., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Salazar, J. M., Martínez, V., Gaete, J., & Langer, A. I. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100933
Adaptation and psychometric network analysis of the Psy-Flex in Peruvian population
Huerta, S. L., Barbaran-Alvarado, R., Travezaño-Cabrera, A., & Vilca, L. W. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2025.100555
The effects of social exclusion on emotion regulation, basic needs, well-being, and ill-being: examining the moderating role of childhood trauma
Rashid, A., Costa, S., & van der Kaap‐Deeder, J. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06220-w
Psychological flexibility typologies and non-suicidal self-injury behavior among Chinese adolescents: a latent profile and multiple mediation analysis
Ni, Y., & Fang, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03605-z
“Conversely, lower levels of PF have been linked to increased emotional dysregulation and trigger the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies among adolescents [36].”
Pain catastrophizing in music students: Examining its relationship with psychological inflexibility and perfectionism
Arbinaga, F., & Sierra, M. I. M. (2025) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649251378257
Psychological inflexibility and psychological well-being in university students
Matey, B. A. L., Pacheco, A. A. B., & Ayala, M. J. G. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Science Journal · doi:10.31893/multiscience.2026320
Emotional Reactivity as a Mediator and Moderator of the Relationship Between Psychological Flexibility and Parental Burnout in Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Koç, R., & Akbulut, Ö. F. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07223-5
Beyond the average: Idionomic evidence of individual-specific variability in the psychological flexibility-mood relationship
Yee, H. F., Fraser, M. I., Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B. K., Yap, K., Hayes, S. C., Hernández, C., & Gloster, A. T. (2026) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2026.100993
The interrelationships between parental wisdom, psychological resilience, and their children’s emotional competence: a network analysis in the family context
Alismail, A. M., & Aladsani, L. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1709744
Psychological Flexibility and Positive Youth Development in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Sense of Coherence as a Whole of Comprehensibility, Manageability and Meaningfulness in Cross-sectional and Daily Diary Studies
Kaya, B. (2026) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-026-00665-x
Exploring the Association Between Psychological Inflexibility, Experiential Avoidance and Sleep-Related Problems Among Adolescents: The EHDLA Study
Zalamea-Delgado, M. P., Jiménez‐López, E., Mesas, A. E., Sepulveda, R. A. Y., Gutiérrez‐Espinoza, H., Arancibia, J. E. O., Ezzatvar, Y., Stubbs, B., Smith, L., Ridgell, L., et al. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14142183
“PI, and specifically cognitive fusion (the tendency to respond to thoughts as literal facts rather than as transient mental events), has been linked to difficulties in modulating negative affect and to maladaptive emotional responding that further compounds EA [15,20,37,38].”
U-Shaped Relationship Between Perceived Descriptive Norms for Bullying Intervention and Adolescents’ Prosocial Risky Behavior: Social-Emotional Competence as a Moderator
Wu, T., Hong, J. S., & Yong-ping, Z. (2026) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-026-09899-7
CompACT: Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes’ Validity and Relıability in Turkish Adolescents
Durmuş, F. B., & Murat, D. (2026) · Archives of Current Medical Research · doi:10.47482/acmr.1741283
Difficulties in emotion regulation and post-booster outcomes in personalized indicated prevention for high-risk adolescents: Mediation and prospective analyses
Zafra-Palomino, L., López, L. J. G., & Jiménez-Vázquez, D. (2026) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2026.200570

Adolescent emotion dysregulation and psychological inflexibility: Examining gender as a moderator
Wilson, N. (2024) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
Depressive symptoms in early adolescence: the dynamic interplay between emotion regulation and affective flexibility
Volkaert, B., Wante, L., Wiersema, J. R., & Braet, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1165995 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emotion dysregulation and psychological inflexibility in adolescents: Discriminant validity and associations with internalizing symptoms and functional impairment
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Comparison of emotional regulation ability and psychological flexibility in adolescent girls with internalized behavioral disorders and normal adolescents
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Relationships between emotion regulation strategies and executive functions in adolescence: Exploring the effects of discrete emotions and age
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Authors: Cobos-Sánchez, L., Flujas-Contreras, J. M., & Becerra, I. G.
Affiliations: University of Almería (ES)
Corresponding author: Becerra, Inmaculada Gómez
ORCID: Flujas-Contreras, Juan M.
Becerra, Inmaculada Gómez
Venue: Current Psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-09-15
Volume: 41
Issue: 8
Pages: 5434-5443
ISSN: 1046-1310 (ISSN-L)
1936-4733
DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01067-7
OpenAlex: W3085615168
Cited by: 59
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 1.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Current Psychology (publishedVersion)
Repositorio de Patentes de la Universidad de Almería (Universidad de Almería) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: psychological flexibility, emotional intelligence, emotion regulation, adolescents, experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, acceptance, emotional dysregulation, maladaptive coping

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