Maternal Exposure to Valproic Acid Primarily Targets Interneurons Followed by Late Effects on Neurogenesis in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in Rat Offspring
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is used to establish models of experimental autism. The present study investigated the developmental exposure effect of VPA on postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in accordance with the exposure scheme of OECD Test Guideline 426 adopted for developmental neurotoxicity. Pregnant rats were administered drinking water containing 0, 667, or 2000 ppm VPA from gestational day 6 until day 21 post-delivery. In the subgranular zone (SGZ) and granule cell layer (GCL) of offspring, the number of granule cell lineage subpopulations remained unchanged upon weaning. However, in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, the number of reelin+ interneurons decreased at ≥667 ppm, and the number of PVALB+ or GAD67+ interneurons decreased at 2000 ppm. Conversely, Reln and Gad1 transcript levels increased at 2000 ppm, but Pvalb and Grin2d decreased, in the dentate gyrus. At the adult stage, PCNA+ proliferating SGZ cells, NeuN+ postmitotic SGZ/GCL neurons, and ARC+ or COX2+ GCL neurons increased at ≥667 ppm. In the dentate hilus, decreases in GAD67+ interneuron subpopulations and Grin2d transcript levels sustained at 2000 ppm. These results suggested that VPA primarily targets interneurons by developmental exposure, and this is followed by late effects on granule cell lineages, likely by influencing SGZ cell proliferation and synaptic plasticity. A reduced population of reelin+ or PVALB+ interneurons did not affect distribution of granule cell lineage subpopulations upon weaning. The late effect on neurogenesis, which resulted in increased GCL neurons, might be the result of a sustained decrease in GAD67+ interneurons expressing NR2D encoded by Grin2d.
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VPA exposure in utero leads to fewer parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the parietal and occipital cortex, fewer glutamate decarboxylase 67-immunoreactive interneurons in the dentate gyrus, cerebellum, and cortex, and loss of motor neurons in some motor nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
“VPA exposure in utero leads to fewer parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the parietal and occipital cortex [127], fewer glutamate decarboxylase 67-immunoreactive interneurons in the dentate gyrus, in the cerebellum and in the cortex [374], and loss of motor neurons in some of the motor nerve nuclei in the brainstem [303].”
From Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models (2017) · cites this paper as [374]
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- Authors
- Watanabe, Y., Murakami, T., Kawashima, M., Hasegawa-Baba, Y., Mizukami, S., Imatanaka, N., Akahori, Y., Yoshida, T., & Shibutani, M.
- Affiliations
- Gifu University (JP)
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (JP)
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Shibutani, Makoto
- Venue
- Neurotoxicity Research
- Published
- 2016-08-26
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-62
- ISSN
- 1029-8428 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-3524
- OpenAlex
- W2509303252
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurotoxicity Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
- Keywords
- valproic acid, developmental neurotoxicity, interneurons, dentate gyrus, postnatal neurogenesis, subgranular zone, reelin, parvalbumin, GAD67, GRIN2D, autism model, maternal exposure, synaptic plasticity, granule cell proliferation
- MeSH terms
- Reelin Protein, Animals, Cell Movement, Cerebellar Cortex, Cerebral Cortex, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Interneurons, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Random Allocation, Valproic Acid, Apoptosis, Maternal Exposure, Dentate Gyrus, Rats, Stem Cell Niche, Neurogenesis, Drinking Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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