Mindfulness During Pregnancy and Parental Stress in Mothers Raising Toddlers

Boekhorst, Myrthe G. B. M.; Potharst, Eva S.; Beerthuizen, Annemerle; Hulsbosch, Lianne P.; Bergink, Veerle; Pop, Victor J. M.; Nyklíček, Ivan

doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01392-9

Cited by 17Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumFamily and Disability Support Research

Mindfulness During Pregnancy and Parental Stress in Mothers Raising Toddlers

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Boekhorst, Myrthe G. B. M., Potharst, Eva S., Beerthuizen, Annemerle, Hulsbosch, Lianne P., Bergink, Veerle, Pop, Victor J. M., Nyklíček, Ivan·2020·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-020-01392-9

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Abstract

Objectives: Parental stress has been associated with adverse child outcomes and maternal functioning. Yet, maternal factors during pregnancy that can potentially protect against later parental stress, such as mindfulness, have not been studied. Therefore, we aimed to address the possible associations between prenatal mindfulness and levels of parental stress in mothers raising toddlers. Methods: Women in the current study (n = 165) were prospectively followed from pregnancy until 3 years after childbirth, as part of a longitudinal population based cohort (HAPPY study). At 22 weeks of pregnancy, women completed the Three Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire–Short Form (TFMQ-SF) to assess facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reacting). Women completed the Parenting Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) 3 years after childbirth, reporting on three components of parental stress: (1) parent-child relationship problems, (2) parenting problems, and (3) role restriction. Results: Results of multiple linear regression analyses showed that the acting with awareness facet of mindfulness during pregnancy was a significant predictor of fewer parent-child relationship problems and parenting problems, even when adjusted for prenatal and maternal distress and child behavior problems. Higher levels of non-reacting during pregnancy were also significantly associated with fewer parenting problems in mothers raising toddlers. Conclusions: The current study emphasizes that mindfulness during pregnancy may be a protective factor for later parental stress. More research is needed to confirm these findings and to evaluate the possible benefit of a mindfulness intervention training during pregnancy on parenting and child outcomes.

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Research provides evidence for the positive changes produced by mindfulness practice.
“Research provides evidence for the positive changes produced by mindfulness practice (Boekhorst et al., 2020; Cachia et al., 2016; Gammer et al., 2020; Rojas-Torres et al., 2022).”
From Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Boekhorst et al., 2020

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Maternal stress and young children's behavioural development: a prospective pilot study from 8 to 36 months in a Finnish sample
Haapsamo, H., Pollock, R. A., Kuusikko‐Gauffin, S., Ebeling, H. E., Larinen, K., Soini, H. S., & Moilanen, I. K. (2013) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.756874 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 92 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Cohen, J. S. (2010). Mindfulness and self-compassion in the transition to motherhood: A prospective study of postnatal mood and attachment (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved August 18, 2019 from https:// pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/858946838.html?FMT=AI . Accessed 18 Aug 2019.
Krongold, K. S. (2011). Mindfulness-based prenatal care and postnatal mother-infant relationships (doctoral dissertation). San Francisco: California Institute of Integral Studies.

Sorted by citations

Effects of a prenatal mindfulness program on longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety, depression, and mother–infant bonding of women with a tendency to perinatal mood and anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Pan, W., Lin, L.-C., Kuo, L.-Y., Chiu, M.-J., & Ling, P. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05873-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of maternal psychological distress and perception of COVID-19 on prenatal attachment in a large sample of Italian pregnant women
Craig, F., Gioia, M. C., Muggeo, V. M. R., Cajiao-Nieto, J., Aloi, A., Martino, I., Tenuta, F., Cerasa, A., & Costabile, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.102 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Self Compassion (SC) Training for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Trial in Community Services in Spain
Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., López-Ramón, M. F., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8050316 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
COVID-19 impact on employee flourishing: Parental stress as mediator.
Srinivasan, T., & Nachimuthu, G. S. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001037 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Parents’ Dispositional Mindfulness, Child Conflict Discussion, and Childhood Internalizing Difficulties: A Preliminary Study
Bird, A. L., Russell, P. S., Pickard, J. A., Donovan, M. O., Madsen, M., & Herbert, J. S. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01625-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Trait mindfulness during pregnancy and maternal-infant bonding: Longitudinal associations with infant temperament and social-emotional development
de Waal, N., Lodder, P., Nyklíček, I., Hulsbosch, L. P., van den Heuvel, M. I., van der Gucht, K., de Caluwé, E., Pop, V. J. M., & Boekhorst, M. G. B. M. (2024) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106082 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the relationship between parent mental health and parent–child emotion reminiscing
Russell, S., Bird, A. L., McNamara, J., & Herbert, J. S. (2023) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2023.2174980 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2023) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2022.339 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MINDFULNESS AND STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY IN PREGNANT WOMEN REFERRED TO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS
Talebi, M. (2021) · Nursing and Midwifery Journal · doi:10.52547/unmf.19.6.449 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: interventions with and for them
Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Marín, F. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824421-0.00012-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mindfulness, Self-compassion, and Psychological Wellbeing as Correlates of Paternal Bonding in Pregnancy.
de Waal, N., Nyklíček, I., van der Gucht, K., Pop, V. J. M., & Boekhorst, M. G. B. M. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02968-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Based on previous research that indicated the three facets of mind-fulness (acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reacting) to be different constructs (e.g., Boekhorst et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2019), these were included as separate variables.”
Self-citation
Maternal interpretation of infant emotions related to mothers’ mindfulness and mother-infant stress
Laurent, H. K., Sbrilli, M. D., Terrell, S., Suzuki, K., & Gupta, V. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2390144 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Why we’re distraught: a pre and post quasi-experimental approach and interventional strategy for tackling psychological distress among perinatal women
Iloma, D. O., Abikoye, G. E., Nnam, M. U., & Ogbonnaya, C. E. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05449-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mindful With Your Baby/Toddler: A Single Case Design (SCD) Study
Schaeffer, M. A., & Potharst, E. S. (2024) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787241297966 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Severe Mood Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Gilden, J. (2021) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Effects of stress on reproductive function and fetal development
Gulati, K., Thokchom, S. K., Rai, N., & Ray, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89773-0.00057-6
A study of the reliability and validity of the Mindfulness Parenting Scale in Infancy and the examination of Mothers' Mindfulness in Pareting in Turkish samples
Sezgin, E. (2025) · Revista Sobre la Infancia y la Adolescencia · doi:10.4995/reinad.2025.23299

Mindfulness and Parenting: A Correlational Study of Non-meditating Mothers of Preschool Children.
Corthorn, C., & Milicic, N. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0319-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The protective value of trait mindfulness for mothers' anxiety during the perinatal period
Leyland, A. F., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Offermans, J. E., Emerson, L.-M., Hulsbosch, L. P., & Potharst, E. S. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104034 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Maternal Mindfulness During Pregnancy and Early Child Social-Emotional Development and Behavior Problems: The Potential Mediating Role of Maternal Mental Health
de Waal, N., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Nyklı́ček, I., & Pop, V. J. M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02174-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Relationship between Child Stress, Child Mindfulness and Parent Mindfulness
Waters, L. E. (2016) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2016.71006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mindfulness training can reduce prenatal maternal stress
Kiseleva, N., & Kiselev, S. Y. (2019) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.1607

Authors: Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Potharst, E. S., Beerthuizen, A., Hulsbosch, L. P., Bergink, V., Pop, V. J. M., & Nyklíček, I.
Affiliations: Tilburg University (NL)
University of Amsterdam (NL)
Erasmus MC (NL)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Corresponding author: Boekhorst, Myrthe G. B. M.
ORCID: Boekhorst, Myrthe G. B. M.
Potharst, Eva S.
Beerthuizen, Annemerle
Hulsbosch, Lianne P.
Bergink, Veerle
Pop, Victor J. M.
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-05-06
Volume: 11
Issue: 7
Pages: 1747-1761
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01392-9
OpenAlex: W3022885596
Cited by: 17
References: 92
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6
FWCI: 1.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Stichting De Weijerhorst
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords: parental stress, toddlers, acting with awareness, non-judgment, parenting challenges, role limitations, protective factors, child behavior problems

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Mindfulness During Pregnancy and Parental Stress in Mothers Raising Toddlers

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