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Cited by 717Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness

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Kiken, Laura G., Garland, Eric L., Bluth, Karen, Palsson, Olafur S., Gaylord, Susan A.·2015·Personality and Individual Differences
DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.044PMC PMC4404745
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Abstract

Theory suggests that heightening state mindfulness in meditation practice over time increases trait mindfulness, which benefits psychological health. We prospectively examined individual trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during a mindfulness-based intervention in relation to changes in trait mindfulness and psychological distress. Each week during the eight-week intervention, participants reported their state mindfulness in meditation after a brief mindfulness meditation. Participants also completed pre- and post-intervention measures of trait mindfulness and psychological symptoms. Tests of combined latent growth and path models suggested that individuals varied significantly in their rates of change in state mindfulness in meditation during the intervention, and that these individual trajectories predicted pre-post intervention changes in trait mindfulness and distress. These findings support that increasing state mindfulness over repeated meditation sessions may contribute to a more mindful and less distressed disposition. However, individuals' trajectories of change may vary and warrant further investigation.

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  • Another study found that participants with higher baseline mindfulness adhered better to mindfulness and improved their skills more than those with low baseline levels.

    “Another study found that participants with higher baseline mindfulness levels adhered better to mindfulness and improved their skills more than those with low baseline levels (Kiken, Garland, Bluth, Palsson, & Gaylord, 2015).”

    From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Kiken, Garland, Bluth, Palsson, & Gaylord, 2015

    Results §3.3 states that baseline trait mindfulness did not significantly predict improvement in state mindfulness during meditation; the Discussion likewise says initial mindfulness levels did not predict participants’ trajectories. The Discussion also says the study did not assess the quantity or other aspects of home meditation practice, so it does not establish better adherence among participants with higher baseline mindfulness. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

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  • Mindfulness training leads to greater dispositional mindfulness.

    “Moreover, mindfulness training leads to greater dispositional mindfulness (Kiken et al., 2015).”

    From Exploratory and Confirmatory Bayesian Networks Identify the Central Role of Non-judging in Symptoms of Depression (2021) · cites this paper as Kiken et al., 2015

    The Discussion reports that participants with greater increases in state mindfulness during the intervention also increased more in trait mindfulness. But it says the study design did not permit true causal conclusions, so the claim that training *leads to* greater dispositional mindfulness is stronger than the evidence supports. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Mindfulness influenced the subsequent evolution of emotion regulation, psychological distress, perceived stress, and rumination.

    “Furthermore, mindfulness influenced the subsequent evolution of emotion regulation, psychological distress, perceived stress, and rumination (Cousin & Page, 2015;Kiken et al., 2015;Shapiro et al., 2011).”

    From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Kiken et al., 2015

    The Results (§3.4; page not provided) report that increases in state mindfulness during meditation predicted lower post-intervention psychological distress. The paper does not report subsequent changes in perceived stress, rumination, or emotion regulation; the Discussion (§4.0) proposes cognitive reappraisal as a topic for future research. Its limitations also state that the study design does not permit causal conclusions, so “influenced” overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Enhancements in trait mindfulness demonstrated in these studies manifested rapidly, within 24 h post-administration, whilst enhancements in trait mindfulness mainly result from long-term meditation practise and can take longer to achieve in some individuals.

    “The enhancements demonstrated in these studies manifested rapidly, within 24 h post-administration, whilst enhancements in trait mindfulness mainly result from a long-term meditation practise, and can take longer to achieve in some individuals (159).”

    From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [159]

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  • Formal meditation has been shown to enhance both dispositional and state mindfulness.

    “Formal meditation, understood as psychological or mind training, has shown to be useful to enhance both dispositional and state mindfulness”

    From Exploring the role of meditation and dispositional mindfulness on social cognition domains: A controlled study (2019) · cites this paper as Kiken et al., 2015

    The Results (§3.1; page unavailable) report increases in both state mindfulness during the intervention and trait mindfulness from before to after it. However, the Discussion (§4.0; page unavailable) says the observational study did not control for extraneous variables and cannot establish that meditation caused those increases. The claim overstates the evidence by presenting meditation as shown to enhance both. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Authors
Kiken, L. G., Garland, E. L., Bluth, K., Palsson, O. S., & Gaylord, S. A.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • University of Utah (US)
Corresponding author
Kiken, Laura G.
ORCID
Venue
Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-07
Volume
81
Pages
41-46
ISSN
0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.044
PMC
PMC4404745
OpenAlex
W2056473376
Cited by
717
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 63 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 3
FWCI
34.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
  • UNC Libraries
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT003378)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords
state mindfulness, trait mindfulness, mindfulness meditation, mindfulness-based interventions, individual trajectories, psychological distress, latent growth curve models

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