Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention
Open accessAbstract
Self-compassion refers to being supportive toward oneself when experiencing suffering or pain-be it caused by personal mistakes and inadequacies or external life challenges. This review presents my theoretical model of self-compassion as comprised of six different elements: increased self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness as well as reduced self-judgment, isolation, and overidentification. It discusses the methodology of self-compassion research and reviews the increasingly large number of empirical studies that indicate self-compassion is a productive way of approaching distressing thoughts and emotions that engenders mental and physical well-being. It also reviews research that dispels common myths about self-compassion (e.g., that it is weak, selfish, self-indulgent or undermines motivation). Interventions designed to increase self-compassion, such as compassion-focused therapy and mindful self-compassion, are discussed. Finally, the review considers problematic issues in the field, such as the differential effects fallacy, and considers limitations and future research directions in the field of self-compassion research.
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Review evidence shows a significant negative association between self-compassion and stress.
“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
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Resisting self-compassion: Why are some people opposed to being kind to themselves?
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“…appears to reduce psychopathology through lessened automatic and negative thinking (Yip & Tong 2021), reduced avoidance of negative emotions (Yela et al. 2022), decreased entanglement with negative emotions (Miyagawa & Taniguchi 2020), and enhanced emotion regulation skills (Inwood &…”
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Self-Compassion in Clinical Samples: A Systematic Literature Review
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Self-compassion and attention: self-compassion facilitates disengagement from negative stimuli
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Compassion for Oneself and Others Protects the Mental Health of First Responders
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Self-compassion decreases acceptance of own immoral behaviors
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When Life Gives You Lemons, Make Lemonade: Self-Compassion Increases Adaptive Beliefs About Failure
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A Systematic Review of Self-Compassion in Chronic Pain: From Correlation to Efficacy
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Investigating Psychometric Properties of the Self-Compassion Scale Using Rasch Methodology
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Self-compassion and Shame Among Rape Survivors
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Development of the Japanese Version of the State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS-J)
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Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) with Veterans: a Program Evaluation
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Growth after Trauma: The Role of Self-Compassion following Hurricane Harvey
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Self-Compassion and Time Perception of Past Negative Events
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Psychological Flexibility, Chronic Pain, and Health
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A Comprehensive Overview of the Neural Mechanisms of Light Therapy
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Effects of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD on self-experience
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“A total score of 1–2.4 indicates “low,” 2.5–3.4 “moderate,” and 3.5–5.0 “high” SCS [45].”
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Compassion Questionnaires: Scales Development and Validation
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Self‐compassion promotes self‐concept clarity and self‐change in response to negative events
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Mindfulness and Relationships: A Special Issue on Recent Developments
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What is positive psychological functioning?
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Self-Compassion during COVID-19 in Non-WEIRD Countries: A Narrative Review
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Physical Activity and Self-Compassion: A Systemic Review
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- Authors
- Neff, K. D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Neff, Kristin D.
- ORCID
- Neff, Kristin D.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2023-01-18
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 193-218
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W4290932423
- Cited by
- 931
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 266 · 2025: 321 · 2024: 221 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 27.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- self-compassion, self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, self-judgment, isolation, over-identification, compassion-focused therapy, mindful self-compassion, self-compassion interventions, well-being
- MeSH terms
- Self-Compassion, Emotions, Empathy, Humans, Judgment, Mindfulness
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