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Connecting Diverse Knowledge Systems for Enhanced Ecosystem Governance: The Multiple Evidence Base Approach
Open accessAbstract
Indigenous and local knowledge systems as well as practitioners' knowledge can provide valid and useful knowledge to enhance our understanding of governance of biodiversity and ecosystems for human well-being. There is, therefore, a great need within emerging global assessment programs, such as the IPBES and other international efforts, to develop functioning mechanisms for legitimate, transparent, and constructive ways of creating synergies across knowledge systems. We present the multiple evidence base (MEB) as an approach that proposes parallels whereby indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems are viewed to generate different manifestations of knowledge, which can generate new insights and innovations through complementarities. MEB emphasizes that evaluation of knowledge occurs primarily within rather than across knowledge systems. MEB on a particular issue creates an enriched picture of understanding, for triangulation and joint assessment of knowledge, and a starting point for further knowledge generation.
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“In their formative writing on multiple evidence base (MEB) approaches, Tengö et al. (2014) identify a need for new tools and approaches for co-developing questions, documenting and mobilizing knowledge, and co-producing insights and decisions-all under the guiding principle of valuing diversity in knowledge systems.”
From “Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management (2021) · cites this paper as Tengö et al., 2014
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“In their view, “a MEB approach emphasizes the complementarity of knowledge systems and the values of letting each knowledge system speak for itself, within its own context, without assigning one dominant knowledge system with the role of external validator” (Tengö et al., 2014).”
From “Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management (2021) · cites this paper as Tengö et al., 2014
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“MEB approaches seek to connect distinct knowledge systems (Alexander et al., 2019), often through parallel lines of Indigenous and Western scientific inquiry (Tengö et al., 2014), but mechanisms and successful examples of this or equivalent approaches in practice, especially in an aquatic or fisheries context, have been few and far between (e.g.Cooke et al., 2020;Laidler, 2006;Mackinson, 2001).”
From “Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management (2021) · cites this paper as Tengö et al., 2014
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“In fact, ecological transition has been identi fi ed as a transformation that requires “ action-oriented co-produced knowledge intertwined with multiple forms of knowledge ” and stakeholders (Tengö et al., 2014; Biggs et al., 2021, cited by Biggs et al., 2021).”
Washbourne, C., Murali, R., Saidi, N., Peter, S., Pisa, P., Sarzynski, T., Ryu, H., Filyushkina, A., Campagne, C. S., Kadykalo, A. N., et al. (2024) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-024-00334-5 · Cited by 5
“…policy can, therefore, be complex to navigate as it requires bringing together multiple actors with diverse knowledge and worldviews to facilitate the process of negotiation towards decision-making while navigating complex sets of priorities, jurisdictions and institutional settings [3, 37, 55].”
BackgroundÁvalos, I., Sepúlveda, C., Betanzos, J. E., Jimenes-Trujillo, J. A., Perez-Sanches, E., & Escobedo, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1310507 · Cited by 5
“In Latin America, Eduardo Brondizio is distinguished for integrating anthropology with environmental sustainability (Tengo et al., 2014; Brondizio and Le Tourneau, 2016; Chazdon et al., 2021).”
BackgroundAyalew, B., Hylander, K., Börjeson, L., Adugna, G., Beche, D., Zignol, F., & Tack, A. (2024) · Plants, People, Planet · doi:10.1002/ppp3.10510 · Cited by 5
Teston, M., Sturaro, E., Muñoz-Ulecia, E., Tenza-Peral, A., Raniolo, S., Pisani, E., Pachoud, C., Ramanzin, M., & Martin‐Collado, D. (2024) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2024.2330658 · Cited by 5
“Cooperation and collaboration between different stakeholders enable the exchange of knowledge and resources to find common solutions (Lazega 2006; Ostrom 2009; Teng € o et al. 2014) and develop common initiatives (D � ıez-Vial and Montoro-S � anchez 2014).”
Caniglia, G., & Federica Russo, B. (2024) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-023-00603-5 · Cited by 12
“The MEB encourages cross-fertilization “grounding collaboration on an equal starting point whereas contributors define the goal of the collaboration and mutually agreed ways to proceed” (Tengö et al., 2014, p. 548).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCommunity-Based Mangrove Protection to Mitigate Climate Change: A Socio-Ecological Approach
Sukarmen, A., Mubarak, Chairilsyah, D., Yoswaty, D., & Hamidy, R. (2023) · International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · doi:10.18280/ijsdp.180818 · Cited by 5
“Under such circumstances, the local wisdom of the community is recognized for its potential to play a key role in climate change adaptation [3], resource management, conservation, and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems [4].”
The development of sustainable electric vehicle business ecosystems
Agbesi, P. K., Ruffino, R., & Hakovirta, M. (2023) · SN Business & Economics · doi:10.1007/s43546-023-00486-5 · Cited by 7
“Synergies must also be made to connect diverse knowledge systems and develop these ideas (Tengö et al. 2014).”
BackgroundDrake, A., Dunmall, K. M., Nguyen, V. M., Provencher, J. F., Henri, D. A., & Alexander, S. M. (2023) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12972 · Cited by 26
“…of bridging1 sciences (see Table 1 for definitions), offers holism that can strengthen conservation2 practices and policies through research and monitoring (Ban et al., 2018; Buxton et al., 2021; Mistry & Berardi, 2016; Tengö et al., 2014; Wheeler & Root-Bernstein, 2020; Wilson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundZinngrebe, Y. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15129774 · Cited by 5
Towards Knowledge Governance in Public Administration
de Wit, F. C. A., Lourenço, A., Moreira, H., & Vala, F. (2022) · European Conference on Knowledge Management · doi:10.34190/eckm.23.1.800 · Cited by 5
Sidorova, J., & Virla, L. D. (2022) · The School of Public Policy Publications · doi:10.55016/ojs/sppp.v15i1.73981 · Cited by 5
“These community-based indicators can suggest evidence for interpreting conditions, changes and trajectories in the environment (Tengö et al. 2014).”
BackgroundOuchi, S., Wilson, L., Wabnitz, C. C. C., Golden, C. D. W., Beaudreau, A. H., Kenny, T., Singh, G. G., Cheung, W. W. L., Chan, H. M., & Salomon, A. K. (2022) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2022-0048 · Cited by 5
Ward, C., Cundill, G., Midgley, G., & Jarre, A. (2021) · doi:10.5751/es-12712-260410 · Cited by 5
“Drawing on Tengö et al. (2014), our research used a parallel approach to bring together local climate knowledge from multiple sources, namely farmers, fishers, and scientists.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAccounting for Yolŋu ranger work in the Dhimurru Indigenous Protected Area, Australia
Ayre, M., Yunupingu, D., Wearne, J., O'dwyer, C., Vernes, T., & Marika, M. (2021) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-12149-260124 · Cited by 5
“This is consistent with the multiple evidence base approach in ecosystem governance, which advocates the joint assessment of knowledge (Tengö et al. 2014) and promotes adaptive management processes that move “beyond aspects that can easily be fitted into conventional models and frameworks” (Tengö…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCultivating our urban forest future: a value-chain perspective
McGrath, D., Plummer, R., & Bowen, A. J. (2021) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2021-0076 · Cited by 6
Vides‐Borrell, E., López, F. R., & Torres‐Mazuera, G. (2020) · Journal of Political Ecology · doi:10.2458/v27i1.23211 · Cited by 4
Horstkotte, T., Lépy, É., & Risvoll, C. (2020) · Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52324-4_14 · Cited by 5
Bohle, M. (2020) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp508-2019-213 · Cited by 7
“…and factual dimensions and their interactions; see, for example, governance of marine environments (Berkes 2006; Bavinck et al. 2013); handling of global or environmental change (Tengö et al. 2014; Kowarsch et al. 2016); and studies of culture and justice (von Heland 2011; Huang and London 2016).”
BackgroundSustainable Development: Dimensions, Intersections and Knowledge Platform
Sharma, P., & Singh, K. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.1002/9781119434016.ch3 · Cited by 6
A framework to assess the degrowth transformative capacity of niche initiatives
Vrettos, C., Hinton, J. B., & Pereira, L. M. (2024) · Degrowth Journal · doi:10.36399/degrowth.002.01.07 · Cited by 5
“A transformative initiative should strive to balance expert/academic knowledge with multiple ways of knowing that are most attuned with the complexity and lived realities of the local context (Tengö et al ., 2014; Alarcón Ferrari and Chartier, 2018).”
BackgroundMubbin, M., Palamuleni, L., Ruhiiga, T., & Bokhar, S. A. (2022) · Present Environment and Sustainable Development · doi:10.47743/pesd2022161014 · Cited by 5
“Knowledge systems, developed through experimentation, adaptation, and co-evolution, provide valid and useful information/interpretations for sustainable development (Tengo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAburto, J., Stotz, W., Cundill, G., & Tapia, C. (2021) · doi:10.5751/es-12479-260305 · Cited by 5
What is ‘relational thinking’, and how does it manifest in research?
Gould, R. K., Partelow, S., Gaston, K., Plieninger, T., Roy, H., Fish, R., & Rawluk, A. (2026) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70400 · Cited by 4
“The theme of plural understandings of the world (i.e., different ontologies in how the world is ordered), and of the relationships that fill those worlds, is thus central to relational thinking (Ban et al., 2026; Escobar, 2018 ; Tengö et al., 2014, 2017 ).”
Caughman, L., Lauer, C., & Carradını, S. (2025) · Information Design Journal · doi:10.1075/idj.25022.cau · Cited by 4
Mugeni, M. M., & Djenontin, I. N. S. (2025) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2025.2590719 · Cited by 4
“Similarly, collaborative platforms and decision support systems have been identified as effective tools for enabling the integration of multiple perspectives and knowledge and enhancing adaptive capacity (Tengö et al., 2014; Voinov & Bousquet, 2010).”
Grimaldi, P., & Ladio, A. H. (2025) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine · doi:10.1186/s13002-025-00821-0 · Cited by 4
“This locally-grounded information serves as a critical foundation for effective, community-based pollinator conservation [85].”
Improving cross-cultural knowledge exchange for collaborative forest stewardship
Swanwick, R. H., Schattman, R. E., D’Amato, A. W., Everett, T., Ranco, D., & Daigneault, A. (2025) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104241 · Cited by 3
Per, E., Kayacılar, C., Per, E., & Coşkun, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1657538 · Cited by 5
Gould, J., Evans, S., & Barrett, D. (2025) · Maritime Studies · doi:10.1007/s40152-025-00437-w · Cited by 4
“In this work we have attempted to let Marra knowledge “speak for itself, within its own context” (Tengö et al. 2014:582).”
Indigenous knowledge, forest landscape modeling, and the cumulative effects of environmental changes
Bélisle, A. C., Mantyka‐Pringle, C., Boulanger, Y., Croteau, B., Wapachee, A., Drapeau, L., Desrochers, M., & Asselin, H. (2025) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.70053 · Cited by 4
“The recent annual burn rate ( 1940 – 2000) in the study”
Community‐informed and codesigned research to understand the impacts of railways on wildlife
Vincent, K. D., Litzgus, J. D., Kell, S. J., Kozmik, C., Belleau, A., & Popp, J. N. (2025) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70089 · Cited by 5
“Using multiple knowledge systems not only improves ecology research (Priadka et al., 2022; Tengö et al., 2014) but also should provide direct benefits to partner First Nations (Cannon et al., 2024; Ignace et al., 2023; Schnarch, 2004); our study highlights both of these values in the context of…”
Heatta, M. J., Hausner, V., & Utsi, T. A. (2025) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-024-02093-6 · Cited by 4
“…its potential to improve the quality and relevance of climate change research, and to ensure community engagement in addressing the climate-related challenges that the Arctic residents are facing (Tengo et al. 2014; Brattland et al. 2019; Kettle 2019; Curry and Lopez 2020; Norstro¨m et al. 2020).”
Tumbali, G. C. (2025) · Religion and Social Communication · doi:10.62461/gct101624 · Cited by 4
Understanding Adaptation Landscapes: Mapping the Complexity of Decision-Making in Reindeer Herding
Horstkotte, T., Löf, A., & Moen, J. (2024) · Arctic Review on Law and Politics · doi:10.23865/arctic.v15.6138 · Cited by 4
“65 Increasing herders’ meaningful influence can considerably reshape adaptation processes to meet present and future challenges caused by climate change and land use change in reindeer herding.”
Grassroots relational approaches to agricultural transformation in Latin America
Allen, K. E., Ortiz‐Przychodzka, S., Coelho, M. G., Herrmann, T. M., Atchley, M., Benra, F., Chavez, V., Darvin, E., McCabe, J., Laura Nahuelhual, M., et al. (2024) · Ecosystems and People · doi:10.1080/26395916.2024.2390470 · Cited by 9
“…of the terms relational values and natures contributions to people as methodological approaches that may integrate diverse knowledge systems (Tengö et al. 2014) in the IPBES assessments represents an important step in centering perspectives from local communities and Indigenous people, who…”
BackgroundRiechers, M., Baumann, L., Braun, M., Ganachaud, A. S., Heeg, P., & Sabinot, C. (2024) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-024-02290-9 · Cited by 3
“…climate change, as it has been conceptualised as a form and a product of colonialisation (Gram-Hanssen et al. 2021), with national governments being detached from local needs (Jiren et al. 2021), and may lack integration of local knowledge systems in decision-making processes (Tengö et al. 2014).”
Evaluating models of expert judgment to inform assessment of ecosystem viability and collapse
Dorrough, J., Travers, S., Val, J., Scott, M. L., Moutou, C. J., & Oliver, I. (2024) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14370 · Cited by 4
“Their opinion may not only differ but may provide unique perspectives, important for identifying equitable land-use decisions and improving conservation outcomes and scope for restoration (Tengö et al., 2014).”
Li, Q., Sun, Y.-L., Liu, Z.-F., Ning, B., & Wu, Z.-L. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13081205 · Cited by 4
Eilola, S., Horstkotte, T., Forbes, B. C., Habeck, J. O., Komu, T., Rasmus, S., & Fagerholm, N. (2024) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-024-02241-4 · Cited by 4
“These ways of knowing operate on different temporal and geographical scales, which provide scientists with both opportunities and challenges (see, e.g., Reyes-García et al. 2019; Tengö et al. 2014).”
Rittelmeyer, P., Caretta, M. A., Dowler, C., Vora, S., Seigerman, C. K., Reddy, E. U. B., Lakshmikantha, N. R., Jagadish, P. S., Srinivasan, J., Priya, R., et al. (2024) · AlterNative An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples · doi:10.1177/11771801241235332 · Cited by 6
“Thus, LK and IK are dynamic systems, that is, adaptable and unbounded practices that are maintained, altered, and transmitted orally and through routines, for example, written forms of communication, digital and not, and that constantly interact with other forms of knowledge (Tengö et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tengö, M., Brondizio, E. S., Elmqvist, T., Malmer, P., & Spierenburg, M.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm Resilience Centre (SE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Tengö, Maria
- Venue
- AMBIO
- Published
- 2014-03-22
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 579-591
- ISSN
- 0044-7447 (ISSN-L)
- 1654-7209
- PMC
- PMC4132468
- OpenAlex
- W2122925767
- Cited by
- 1,329
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 43.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- AMBIO (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Styrelsen för Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete
- Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk Forskning
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Environmental and Cultural Studies in Latin America and Beyond
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Studies and Ecology
- Keywords
- indigenous knowledge, local knowledge, scientific knowledge, knowledge integration, ecosystem governance, biodiversity governance, IPBES, knowledge assessment, human well-being, knowledge synergy
- MeSH terms
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Biodiversity
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