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Connecting Diverse Knowledge Systems for Enhanced Ecosystem Governance: The Multiple Evidence Base Approach
Open accessAbstract
Indigenous and local knowledge systems as well as practitioners' knowledge can provide valid and useful knowledge to enhance our understanding of governance of biodiversity and ecosystems for human well-being. There is, therefore, a great need within emerging global assessment programs, such as the IPBES and other international efforts, to develop functioning mechanisms for legitimate, transparent, and constructive ways of creating synergies across knowledge systems. We present the multiple evidence base (MEB) as an approach that proposes parallels whereby indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems are viewed to generate different manifestations of knowledge, which can generate new insights and innovations through complementarities. MEB emphasizes that evaluation of knowledge occurs primarily within rather than across knowledge systems. MEB on a particular issue creates an enriched picture of understanding, for triangulation and joint assessment of knowledge, and a starting point for further knowledge generation.
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“In their formative writing on multiple evidence base (MEB) approaches, Tengö et al. (2014) identify a need for new tools and approaches for co-developing questions, documenting and mobilizing knowledge, and co-producing insights and decisions-all under the guiding principle of valuing diversity in knowledge systems.”
From “Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management (2021) · cites this paper as Tengö et al., 2014
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“In their view, “a MEB approach emphasizes the complementarity of knowledge systems and the values of letting each knowledge system speak for itself, within its own context, without assigning one dominant knowledge system with the role of external validator” (Tengö et al., 2014).”
From “Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management (2021) · cites this paper as Tengö et al., 2014
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“MEB approaches seek to connect distinct knowledge systems (Alexander et al., 2019), often through parallel lines of Indigenous and Western scientific inquiry (Tengö et al., 2014), but mechanisms and successful examples of this or equivalent approaches in practice, especially in an aquatic or fisheries context, have been few and far between (e.g.Cooke et al., 2020;Laidler, 2006;Mackinson, 2001).”
From “Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management (2021) · cites this paper as Tengö et al., 2014
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“Even though the systematic literature reviews used by the GA were open to multiple sources of evidence (Tengö et al., 2014), and on - line calls for references and case studies were useful for opening up the process beyond initial experts' knowledge, the GA still faced a number of challenges in…”
BackgroundWell grounded: Indigenous Peoples' knowledge, ethnobiology and sustainability
Turner, N., Cuerrier, A., & Joseph, L. (2022) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10321 · Cited by 167
Ziervogel, G., Enqvist, J., Metelerkamp, L., & van Breda, J. (2021) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1863180 · Cited by 197
Urban transformative capacity: From concept to practice
Wolfram, M., Borgström, S., & Farrelly, M. (2019) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01169-y · Cited by 166
Why nature matters: A systematic review of intrinsic, instrumental, and relational values
Himes, A., Muraca, B., Anderson, C. B., Athayde, S. F. D., Beery, T. H., Cantú-Fernández, M., González-Jiménez, D., Gould, R. K., Hejnowicz, A. P., Kenter, J. O., et al. (2023) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biad109 · Cited by 200
“…in this way, research on life-support values can offer a potential common ground for encounters across different epistemic traditions and knowledge systems, within and beyond academia, in which diverse articulations can coexist and in which cross-fertilization is possible (Tengö et al. 2014).”
BackgroundRoux, D. J., Nel, J. L., Cundill, G., O’Farrell, P. J., & Fabricius, C. (2017) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-017-0446-0 · Cited by 205
“such issues and potentially uncovering complementarities across diverse knowledge systems (Polk 2014; Tengö et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBandola‐Gill, J., Arthur, M., & Leng, R. (2022) · Evidence & Policy · doi:10.1332/174426421x16420955772641 · Cited by 240
“Co-production has been understood as a problem of knowledge systems (Cornell et al, 2013; Tengö et al, 2014) and concerns over keeping them ‘open’ in order to solve complex challenges of sustainability.”
BackgroundGoffner, D., Sinare, H., & Gordon, L. J. (2019) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01481-z · Cited by 225
“It is essential to include knowledge from different sources and knowledge systems, including local and traditional knowledge, government institutions, and different research disciplines (Reynolds et al. 2007; Tengö et al. 2014; Tengö et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodThe progress of interdisciplinarity in invasion science
Vaz, A. S., Kueffer, C., Kull, C. A., Richardson, D. M., Schindler, S., Muñoz-Pajares, A. J., Vicente, J. R., Martins, J., Hui, C., Kühn, I., et al. (2017) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0897-7 · Cited by 158
Raymond, C. M., Giusti, M., & Barthel, S. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2017.1312300 · Cited by 179
Caillon, S., Cullman, G., Verschuuren, B., & Sterling, E. (2017) · doi:10.5751/es-09746-220427 · Cited by 155
“New approaches developed in the context of IPBES emphasize using validation systems from within each knowledge system rather than using one knowledge system (for instance, western science) to validate information from another system (for instance, local knowledge) (Tengö et al. 2014).”
MethodMarine and Coastal Cultural Ecosystem Services: knowledge gaps and research priorities
Rodrigues, J., Conides, A., Rodriguez, S. R., Raicevich, S., Pita, P., Kleisner, K., Pita, C., Lopes, P. F., Roldán, V. A., Ramos, S., et al. (2017) · One Ecosystem · doi:10.3897/oneeco.2.e12290 · Cited by 155
“Such approaches require value pluralism (Martinez-Alier 2002, O'Neill and Spash 2000) in the form of integrated sociocultural, ecological and economic values, and diverse knowledge systems (Berkes et al. 2000, Tengö et al. 2014, Sutherland et al. 2013).”
BackgroundBridging knowledge systems to enhance governance of environmental commons: A typology of settings
Rathwell, K. J., Armitage, D., & Berkes, F. (2015) · International Journal of the Commons · doi:10.18352/ijc.584 · Cited by 154
“Bridging knowledge systems to enhance governance 869 In recent years, there has been an expansion of the various methods and processes to bridge knowledge systems in an environmental change context (Gomez-Baggethun et al. 2013; Fazey et al. 2014; Tengö et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessment and valuation of recreational ecosystem services of landscapes.
Hermes, J., van Berkel, D. V., Burkhard, B., Plieninger, T., Fagerholm, N., Haaren, C., & Albert, C. (2018) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.04.011 · Cited by 151
“This will require the use of appropriate concepts and language to engage local communities, as well as new ways to identify and connect various knowledge systems (Tengö et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHill, R., Walsh, F., Davies, J., Sparrow, A., Mooney, M., Wise, R., & Tengö, M. (2020) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102161 · Cited by 150
“, 2010; Gupta, 2016), and the joint analysis phase of the multiple evidence approach (Tengö et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWest, S., van Kerkhoff, L. E., & Wagenaar, H. (2019) · Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2019.1618810 · Cited by 177
“that recognize a broader range of relevant knowledge including practitioner, experiential and traditional knowledge (Tengö et al. 2014) and seek to foster “learning-by-doing” (Lee 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialDíaz-Reviriego, I., Turnhout, E., & Beck, S. (2019) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0290-6 · Cited by 147
Interconnected place-based social–ecological research can inform global sustainability
Balvanera, P., Calderón-Contreras, R., Castro, A., Felipe-Lucia, M., Geijzendorffer, I., Jacobs, S., Martín-López, B., Arbieu, U., Speranza, C., Locatelli, B., et al. (2017) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.09.005 · Cited by 144
“com some areas and increasing drought in others, and a variety of responses that are implemented and transmitted at local or regional scales are being developed [14,34].”
Self-citationCreating Synergies between Citizen Science and Indigenous and Local Knowledge
Tengö, M., Austin, B. J., Danielsen, F., & Fernández‐Llamazares, Á. (2021) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biab023 · Cited by 183
Self-citationThe demise of caterpillar fungus in the Himalayan region due to climate change and overharvesting
Hopping, K. A., Chignell, S. M., & Lambin, É. F. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1811591115 · Cited by 155
“However, causally linking gradual temperature changes to the complex caterpillar fungus life cycle may be beyond the scope of most collectors’ LEK, thus underscoring the complementary role of Western science in identifying additional causes of the population trends that collectors observe (16, 17).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA deeper meaning of sustainability: Insights from indigenous knowledge
Mazzocchi, F. (2020) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019619898888 · Cited by 132
“What counts here is not so much the empirical usefulness of particular indigenous techniques, but rather the deeper levels of assumptions in which these techniques are grounded (Johnson et al., 2016; Tengö et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKey knowledge gaps to achieve global sustainability goals
Mastrángelo, M. E., Harguindeguy, N. P., Enrico, L., Bennett, E. M., Lavorel, S., Cumming, G. S., Abeygunawardane, D., Amarilla, L. D., Burkhard, B., Egoh, B. N., et al. (2019) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0412-1 · Cited by 291
The contributions of resilience to reshaping sustainable development
Reyers, B., Moore, M.-L., Haider, L. J., & Schlüter, M. (2022) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00889-6 · Cited by 131
Nature unsettled: How knowledge and power shape ‘nature-based’ approaches to societal challenges
Woroniecki, S., Wendo, H., Brink, E., Işlar, M., Krause, T., Falla, A. M. V., & Mahmoud, Y. (2020) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102132 · Cited by 129
Knapp, C. N., Reid, R. S., Fernández‐Giménez, M. E., Klein, J. A., & Galvin, K. A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11184899 · Cited by 175
“This approach has moved the consideration of knowledge-integration products to the careful design of knowledge-integration or knowledge bridging processes [87], including co-science and coproduction of knowledge [59], dialogic networks [88], the Multiple Evidence Base (MEB) approach [89], and knowledge exchange [90].”
BackgroundJohnson, N., Alessa, L., Behe, C., Danielsen, F., Gearheard, S., Gofman-Wallingford, V., Kliskey, A., Krümmel, E.-M., Lynch, A., Mustonen, T., et al. (2015) · ARCTIC · doi:10.14430/arctic4447 · Cited by 129
“These efforts parallel global initiatives, such as those of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), to champion the idea of a “multiple evidence base” that includes Indigenous and local knowledge and natural and social science to conceptualize the interactions between social and…”
BackgroundA framework for co-production of knowledge in the context of Arctic research
Yua, E., Raymond-Yakoubian, J., Daniel, R. A., & Behe, C. (2022) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-12960-270134 · Cited by 209
“Building a relationship requires learning about and understanding each other’s knowledge systems, motivations, and goals.”
BackgroundInfluentialTranscendental values and the valuation and management of ecosystem services
Raymond, C. M., & Kenter, J. O. (2016) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.018 · Cited by 127
“The local and traditional ecological knowledge literatures suggest that there is a close connection between these values, the knowledge we maintain of the environment, and our practices (Raymond et al. 2010; Tengö et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGould, R. K., Pai, M., Muraca, B., & Chan, K. M. A. (2019) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-019-00721-9 · Cited by 154
Haddaway, N., Cooke, S. J., Lesser, P., Macura, B., Nilsson, A. E., Taylor, J. J., & Raito, K. (2019) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-019-0152-8 · Cited by 169
The role of indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation in Africa
Filho, W. L., Barbir, J., Gwenzi, J., Ayal, D. Y., Simpson, N. P., Adeleke, M. L., Tilahun, B., Chirisa, I. E., Gbedemah, S. F., Nzengya, D. M., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.06.004 · Cited by 186
“This knowledge is integral to socio-cultural complexity, which also encompasses location, language, systems of classification, resource use practices, social interactions, religion, belief, values, rituals, and spirituality (Teng ¨ o et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialAfrican community-based conservation: a systematic review of social and ecological outcomes
Galvin, K. A., Beeton, T. A., & Luizza, M. W. (2018) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-10217-230339 · Cited by 167
“…Knowledge) into CBC projects and developing a crosscultural conservation ethic that promotes appropriate conservation incentives (Berkes 2004, Tengö et al. 2014), while acknowledging that conservation can have multiple objectives and stakeholders, which requires context-specific…”
BackgroundMerçon, J., Vetter, S., Tengö, M., Cocks, M., Balvanera, P., Rosell, J., & Ayala-Orozco, B. (2019) · Global Sustainability · doi:10.1017/sus.2019.4 · Cited by 123
Self-citationPeterson, G., Harmáčková, Z. V., Meacham, M., Queiroz, C., Jiménez-Aceituno, A., Kuiper, J. J., Malmborg, K., Sitas, N., & Bennett, E. M. (2018) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-10134-230139 · Cited by 157
“IPBES has already used the multiple evidence base approach (Tengö et al. 2014, 2017) to engage with Indigenous and Local Knowledge (Tengö et al. 2017); however, we argue that this and similar approaches should be more widely applied in IPBES, and that this science-policy platform should reconsider…”
MethodHow can residents’ experiences inform planning of urban green infrastructure? Case Finland
Faehnle, M., Bäcklund, P., Tyrväinen, L., Niemelä, J., & Yli-Pelkonen, V. (2014) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.012 · Cited by 122
Raymond, C., Bieling, C., Fagerholm, N., Martín-López, B., & Plieninger, T. (2016) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0694-0 · Cited by 121
Biocultural approaches to sustainability: A systematic review of the scientific literature
Hanspach, J., Haider, L. J., Oteros-Rozas, E., Olafsson, A. S., Gulsrud, N., Raymond, C., Torralba, M., Martín-López, B., Bieling, C., García-Martín, M., et al. (2020) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10120 · Cited by 119
Traversing the Wasteland: A Framework for Assessing Ecological Threats to Drylands
Hoover, D. L., Bestelmeyer, B. T., Grimm, N. B., Huxman, T. E., Reed, S. C., Sala, O. E., Seastedt, T. R., Wilmer, H., & Ferrenberg, S. M. (2019) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biz126 · Cited by 140
The Hazards of Mainstreaming: Climate change adaptation politics in three dimensions
Scoville-Simonds, M., Jamali, H., & Hufty, M. (2019) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104683 · Cited by 148
Bumping against the boundary: IPBES and the knowledge divide
Löfmarck, E., & Lidskog, R. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.008 · Cited by 117
“Connecting diverse knowledge systems for enhanced ecosystems governance: the multiple evidence base approach (Tengö et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWilliams, P. A., Sikutshwa, L., & Shackleton, S. E. (2020) · Land · doi:10.3390/land9090331 · Cited by 163
“The understanding of the potential role of ILK has led to its incorporation in contemporary landscape, conservation and adaptation research and practice [15,19,24].”
BackgroundInfluentialBalvanera, P., Daw, T., Gardner, T., Martín-López, B., Norström, A., Speranza, C., Spierenburg, M., Bennett, E., Farfán, M., Hamann, M., et al. (2017) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-08826-220114 · Cited by 114
“…the integration of indigenous, local, and ecological knowledge into the scientific process has been recognized recently as a crucial feature of understanding diverse SESs, but is also one of the key challenges facing PBSESR (Ifejika Speranza et al. 2010, Bohensky and Maru 2011, Tengö et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChapman, J. M., & Schott, S. (2020) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-020-00781-2 · Cited by 149
Mistry, J., Schmidt, I., Eloy, L., & Bilbao, B. (2018) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1054-7 · Cited by 113
“…processes for integrating multiple perspectives through an ‘intercultural interface’ of institutions and knowledge systems (Goldman et al. 2011; Howitt et al. 2013; Tengö et al. 2014) is critical as Brazil and Venezuela transition towards more participatory forms of fire management and governance.”
BackgroundZurba, M., Petriello, M. A., Madge, C., McCarney, P., Bishop, B., McBeth, S., Denniston, M., Bodwitch, H., & Bailey, M. (2021) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-021-00996-x · Cited by 171
Considering Indigenous Peoples and local communities in governance of the global ocean commons
Vierros, M., Harrison, A., Sloat, M. R., Crespo, G. O., Moore, J. W., Dunn, D. C., Ota, Y., Cisneros-Montemayor, A. M., Shillinger, G. L., Watson, T. K., et al. (2020) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104039 · Cited by 144
Robinson, J. M., Gellie, N., MacCarthy, D., Mills, J. G., O'Donnell, K., & Redvers, N. (2021) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.13381 · Cited by 105
“With transmission of ecological knowledge through “oral traditions,” Indigenous land stewardship principles are almost always based on an intimate knowledge of local ecosystems (Tengö et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCo-producing ecosystem services for adapting to climate change
Lavorel, S., Locatelli, B., Colloff, M. J., & Bruley, E. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0119 · Cited by 146
“Secondly, we considered two critical elements of adaptation pathways, multi-stakeholder management and feedbacks across co-production stages [46,47]:”
BackgroundHermans, T., Trogrlić, R. Š., van den Homberg, M. V. D., Bailon, H., Sarku, R., & Mosurska, A. (2022) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-022-05468-8 · Cited by 104
Toward a holistic understanding of pastoralism
Manzano, P., Burgas, D., Cadahía, L., Eronen, J., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Bencherif, S., Holand, Ø., Seitsonen, O., Byambaa, B., Fortelius, M., et al. (2021) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.012 · Cited by 104
Alexander, S. M., Provencher, J. F., Henri, D. A., Taylor, J. J., Lloren, J. I., Nanayakkara, L., Johnson, J. T., & Cooke, S. J. (2019) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-019-0181-3 · Cited by 104
Metadata
- Authors
- Tengö, M., Brondizio, E. S., Elmqvist, T., Malmer, P., & Spierenburg, M.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm Resilience Centre (SE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Tengö, Maria
- Venue
- AMBIO
- Published
- 2014-03-22
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 579-591
- ISSN
- 0044-7447 (ISSN-L)
- 1654-7209
- PMC
- PMC4132468
- OpenAlex
- W2122925767
- Cited by
- 1,329
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 43.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- AMBIO (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Styrelsen för Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete
- Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk Forskning
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Environmental and Cultural Studies in Latin America and Beyond
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Studies and Ecology
- Keywords
- indigenous knowledge, local knowledge, scientific knowledge, knowledge integration, ecosystem governance, biodiversity governance, IPBES, knowledge assessment, human well-being, knowledge synergy
- MeSH terms
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Biodiversity
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