A review of PID control, tuning methods and applications

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Optimum Settings for Automatic Controllers

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A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Optimum Design of PID Controller in AVR System

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The future of PID control

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Fuzzy gain scheduling of PID controllers

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Automatic tuning and adaptation for PID controllers - a survey

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Automatic tuning of optimum PID controllers

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PID controllers: recent tuning methods and design to specification

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An optimal fuzzy PID controller

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Tuning of PID controllers with fuzzy logic

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PID tuning for improved performance

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Adaptive PID Speed Control Design for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives

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Dynamic sliding PID control for tracking of robot manipulators: theory and experiments

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Speed control of two-inertia system by PI/PID control

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Development of the PID controller

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Control: A perspective

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Optimal Tuning of Fractional Order PID Controller for DC Motor Speed Control via Chaotic Atom Search Optimization Algorithm

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Performance and gain and phase margins of well-known PID tuning formulas

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Incremental fuzzy expert PID control

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Real-Time PID Control Strategy for Maglev Transportation System via Particle Swarm Optimization

Wai, R., Lee, J.-D., & Chuang, K.-L. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2010.2046004 · Cited by 250 · see citing works

Optimal tuning of PID controllers for integral and unstable processes

Visioli, A. (2001) · IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-cta:20010197 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

Design of a Data-Driven PID Controller

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An Improved PID Switching Control Strategy for Type 1 Diabetes

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The future of PID control

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Stability of PID control for industrial robot arms

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Variable-structure PID control to prevent integrator windup

Hodel, A. S., & Hall, C. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/41.915424 · Cited by 196 · see citing works

Expert PID control system for blood glucose control in critically Ill patients

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On the PID tracking control of robot manipulators

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Design Optimization of PID Controller in Automatic Voltage Regulator System Using Taguchi Combined Genetic Algorithm Method

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A new variable structure PID-controller design for robot manipulators

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Design and Implementation of Modular FPGA-Based PID Controllers

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PID Control Using Presearched Genetic Algorithms for a MIMO System

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GA-based multiobjective PID control for a linear brushless DC motor

Lin, C.-L., Jan, H., & Shieh, N. (2003) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2003.809136 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Genetic tuning of digital PID controllers

Porter, B., & Jones, A. H. (1992) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el:19920533 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

PID autotuning algorithm based on relay feedback

Leva, A. (1993) · IEE Proceedings D Control Theory and Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-d.1993.0044 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Automatic Tuning of Simple Regulators

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The past of pid controllers

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A Method for Improving the Robustness of PID Control

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Global Asymptotic Saturated PID Control for Robot Manipulators

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Robust and optimal tuning of PI and PID controllers

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Design and experimental evaluation of a multivariable self-tuning PID controller

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PID tuning for integrating and unstableprocesses

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Self-tuning PID controllers: Algorithms and implementation

Gawthrop, P. J. (1986) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1986.1104241 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Control strategies for arterial blood pressure regulation

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Micro-positioning of linear-piezoelectric motors based on a learning nonlinear PID controller

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Automatic control of blood pressure by drug infusion

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Nonlinear joint angle control for artificially stimulated muscle

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PID controller design for a TITO system

Zhuang, M., & Atherton, D. P. (1994) · IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-cta:19949977 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Design and Clinical Evaluation of Robust PID Control of Propofol Anesthesia in Children

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Formulation of PID Control for DC–DC Converters Based on Capacitor Current: A Geometric Context

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A Systematic Method for Gain Selection of Robust PID Control for Nonlinear Plants of Second-Order Controller Canonical Form

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Digital Implementation of Fractional Order PID-Type Controller for Boost DC–DC Converter

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Hybrid Fuzzy Control of Robotics Systems

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Automatic control of blood pressure by drug infusion

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PID controller tuning by frequency loop-shaping: application to diffusion furnace temperature control

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Genetic algorithm and simulated annealing for optimal robot arm PID control

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Optimization Strategy for PID-Controller Design of AMB Rotor Systems

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Design and robust performance evaluation of a fractional order PID controller applied to a DC motor

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Indirect IMC‐PID controller design

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A Saturation-Based Tuning Method for Fuzzy PID Controller

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Nonlinear Robust H-Infinity PID Controller for the Multivariable System Quadrotor

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Tracking control of a manipulator under uncertainty by FUZZY P+ID controller

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Self-tuning PID controller design using fuzzy logic for half car active suspension system

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Position control of a flexible manipulator using a new nonlinear self-tuning PID controller

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Analytical Design of PID Controllers

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Self-tuning PID controller using Newton-Raphson search method

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Evaluation and tuning of robust PID controllers

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A novel cascaded PID controller for automatic generation control analysis with renewable sources

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Optimal design of PID controllers using the QFT method

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Connectionist approach to PID autotuning

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Time-domain based design and analysis of new PID tuning rules

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Global Stability of a Saturated Nonlinear PID Controller for Robot Manipulators

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Gain Tuning of Fuzzy PID Controllers for MIMO Systems: A Performance-Driven Approach

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Optimal PID controller design with adjustable maximum sensitivity

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Robust PID Controller Design for Hydroturbines

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Optimal design of PID controllers using the QFT method

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Self-Tuning of the PID Controller for a Digital Excitation Control System

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Decentralized PID Control Design for Magnetic Levitation Systems Using Extremum Seeking

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Learning PID structures in an introductory course of automatic control

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On-line adaptive tuning for PID controllers

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Flow Control of Fluid in Pipelines Using PID Controller

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Design of an Optimal Fractional Order PID for Constant Tension Control System

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Self-tuning predictive PID controller

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Stability of fuzzy PID controllers

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Predictive PID controllers

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PID control of laser surface hardening of steel

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TUNING OF PID CONROLLERS: SURVEY OF SISO AND MIMO TECHNIQUES

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Design and analysis of neural/fuzzy variable structural PIDcontrol systems

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The SOF-PID controller for the control of a MIMO robot arm

Kazemian, H. B. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2002.800658 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Control study with a pilot crane

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MIMO nonlinear PID predictive controller

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Design of a Robust H∞ PID Control for Industrial Manipulators

Park, J., & Chung, W. K. (1999) · Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control · doi:10.1115/1.1310367 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Analytic nonlinear H/sub ∞/ inverse-optimal control for Euler-Lagrange system

Park, J.-H., & Chung, W. K. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation · doi:10.1109/70.897796 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Self-tuning PID controllers for dead time processes

Fong-Chwee, T., & Sirisena, H. (1988) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/41.3074 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Explicit Analytical PID Tuning Rules for the Design of Type-III Control Loops

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Tuning of PID Conrollers: Survey of Siso and Mimo Techniques

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PID tuning based on loop-shaping H ∞ control

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Energy Shaping of Mechanical Systems via PID Control and Extension to Constant Speed Tracking

Romero, J. G., Ortega, R. S., & Donaire, A. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.2016.2521725 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Design of an Optimal PID Controller for a Coupled Tanks System employing ADRC

Teppa-Garrán, P., & García, G. (2017) · IEEE Latin America Transactions · doi:10.1109/tla.2017.7854611 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Active Control of Chatter in Milling Process Using Intelligent PD/PID Control

Paul, S., & Morales-Menéndez, R. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2882491 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Online computer control of pH in an industrial process

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6th International Workshop On Advanced Motion Control

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Optimal PID tuning using direst search algorithms

Daley, S., & Liu, S. (1999) · Computing & Control Engineering Journal · doi:10.1049/cce:19990203 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Fuzzy PID Controller Design for LFC in Electric Power Systems

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Mathematical Modeling and PID Controller Parameter Tuning in a Didactic Thermal Plant

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PID Stabilization of MIMO Plants

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Clarifying cognitive control and the controllable connectome

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Online computer control of pH in an industrial process

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Origin of Stability Analysis: \"On Governors\" by J.C. Maxwell [Historical Perspectives]

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Robust multivariable control of a binary distillation column

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Design of Optimal PID Controllers for PWM Feedback Systems With Bilinear Plants

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Temperature control in a rapid thermal processor

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Design of a PID Controller for a PCR Micro Reactor

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Design and statistical robustness analysis of FOPID, IOPID and SIMC PID controllers applied to a motor-generator system

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Fractional order [PI], [PD] and [PI][PD] controller design using Bode’s integrals

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Self-tuning PID control of Atracurium-induced muscle relaxation in surgical patients

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Robust multivariable control of a binary distillation column

Coppus, G. W. M., Shah, S. L., & Wood, R. K. (1983) · IEE Proceedings D Control Theory and Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-d:19830037 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

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Fuzzy-PID-Based Atmosphere Packaging Gas Distribution System for Fresh Food

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Utilising H/E to predict fretting wear performance of DLC coating systems

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Dual Design PID Controller for Robotic Manipulator Application

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A Study on the Advancement of Intelligent Military Drones: Focusing on Reconnaissance Operations

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Overview and control strategies of autonomous sailboats—A survey

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Reaction Curve-Assisted Rule-Based PID Control Design for Islanded Microgrid

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MPC-Based Process Control of Deep Drawing: An Industry 4.0 Case Study in Automotive

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Metamodelling of Manufacturing Processes and Automation Workflows towards Designing and Operating Digital Twins

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Error-Triggered Adaptive Sparse Identification for Predictive Control and Its Application to Multiple Operating Conditions Processes

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Hallucination Detection in Foundation Models for Decision-Making: A Flexible Definition and Review of the State of the Art

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Optimal Fractional PID Controller for Buck Converter Using Cohort Intelligent Algorithm

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Comparative analysis of seismic response reduction in multi-storey buildings equipped with base isolation and passive/active friction-tuned mass dampers

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Precise temperature control of electronic devices under ultra-high thermal shock via thermoelectric transient pulse cooling

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Modelling and simulation of active and passive seat suspensions for vibration attenuation of vehicle occupants

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Tuning of PID Controllers Using Reinforcement Learning for Nonlinear System Control

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Grid-connected PV inverter system control optimization using Grey Wolf optimized PID controller

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Artificial Intelligence in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review of Sensors, Modeling Approaches, and Optimization Strategies

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Soft robots built for extreme environments

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An IoT-Based Deep-Learning Architecture to Secure Automated Electric Vehicles Against Cyberattacks and Data Loss

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Industrial Metaverse-Based Intelligent PID Optimal Tuning System for Complex Industrial Processes

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Flattening the Curve of Flexible Space Robotics

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Twin-Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Algorithm to Control a Boost Converter in a DC Microgrid

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Recent Advances in Reinforcement Learning for Chemical Process Control

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Design and Application of PLC-based Speed Control for DC Motor Using PID with Identification System and MATLAB Tuner

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A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Control of Robotic Manipulators in Simulated Environments

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Adaptive P Control and Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller with Expert System Implementation for Robotic Manipulator Application

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A novel simplified buck power system control algorithm: Application to the emulation of photovoltaic solar panels

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Design of Observer-Based Discrete-Type PID Control for Reconstructed Jump Model of Interconnected Power System Under Hybrid Attacks

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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Model Predictive Control in Microgrids: Moving Beyond Traditional Methods

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Multi-indicator comprehensive judgement of actuator and sensor optimal placement for uncertain active vibration control systems based on the information entropy and interval closeness theories

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Flexible Sensor‐Based Human–Machine Interfaces with AI Integration for Medical Robotics

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Extended-state Kalman filter-based model predictive control and energy-saving performance analysis of a coal-fired power plant

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Design and evaluation of control strategies and control methods for supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle directly cooled reactor system

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Design and implementation of a Model-Free Fractional Order Intelligent PI Fractional Order Sliding Mode Controller for water level tank system

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Fractional-Order Tilt Integral Derivative Controller Design Using IMC Scheme for Unstable Time-Delay Processes

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Analysis of Active Suspension Control Based on Improved Fuzzy Neural Network PID

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Reinforcement learning for HVAC control and energy efficiency in residential buildings with BOPTEST simulations and real-case validation

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Guided Bayesian Optimization: Data-Efficient Controller Tuning With Digital Twin

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Robust variable-order fractional PID-LP fuzzy controller for Automatic Voltage Regulator systems

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Long-short term memory modeling and performance analysis of extended-state Kalman filter-based energy-saving model predictive control for supercritical unit

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Modeling and Control of a Soft Robotic Arm Based on a Fractional Order Control Approach

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A generalized Routh–Hurwitz criterion for the stability analysis of polynomials with complex coefficients: Application to the PI-control of vibrating structures

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Fast terminal sliding mode control with rapid reaching law for a pediatric gait exoskeleton system

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Artificial rabbits optimization algorithm based tuning of PID controller parameters for improving voltage profile in AVR system using IoT

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Internal model control based proportional-integral controller with class topper optimization for power control of molten salt breeder reactor core

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Optimal control of DC motor using leader-based Harris Hawks optimization algorithm

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Fractional Transformation-Based Intelligent H-Infinity Controller of a Direct Current Servo Motor

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Real-Time Ocean Current Compensation for AUV Trajectory Tracking Control Using a Meta-Learning and Self-Adaptation Hybrid Approach

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Data-Driven Distributed Learning Control for High-Speed Trains Considering Quantization Effects and Measurement Bias

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Direct Model Predictive Control of Fuel Cell and Ultra-Capacitor Based Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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ANN‐PID based automatic braking control system for small agricultural tractors

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Experimental validation of adaptive RBFNN global fast dynamic terminal sliding mode control for twin rotor MIMO system against wind effects

Ghellab, M. Z., Zeghlache, S., Djerioui, A., & Benyettou, L. (2020) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108472 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Robust estimation and control of uncertain affine nonlinear systems using predictive sliding mode control and sliding mode observer

Saoudi, K., Bdirina, K., & Guesmi, K. (2024) · International Journal of Systems Science · doi:10.1080/00207721.2024.2306193 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Rank Exponent Method Based Optimal Control of AGC for Two-Area Interconnected Power Systems

Mamta, M., Singh, V. P., Waghmare, A. V., Meena, V., Benedetto, F., & Varshney, T. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3373043 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

A novel sim2real reinforcement learning algorithm for process control

Liang, H., Xie, J., Huang, B., Li, Y., Sun, B., & Yang, C. (2024) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2024.110639 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Surrogate indirect adaptive controller tuning based on polynomial response surface method and bioinspired optimization: Application to the brushless direct current motor controller

Rojas-López, A. G., Villarreal-Cervantes, M. G., & Rodríguez-Molina, A. (2023) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.123070 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The Efficiency of an Optimized PID Controller Based on Ant Colony Algorithm (ACO-PID) for the Position Control of a Multi-articulated System

Baghli, F. Z., Lakhal, Y., & Kadi, Y. A. E. (2023) · Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) · doi:10.18196/jrc.v4i3.17709 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Adaptive prescribed settling time periodic event-triggered control for uncertain robotic manipulators with state constraints

Chen, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Wang, Q., & Wang, J. (2023) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2023.06.032 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Control Methodologies for Robotic Grippers: A Review

Cortinovis, S., Vitrani, G., Maggiali, M., & Romeo, R. A. (2023) · Actuators · doi:10.3390/act12080332 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

An $$H_\infty $$ Robust Decentralized PID Controller Design for Multi-Variable Chemical Processes Using Loop Shaping Technique

Achu Govind, K. R., Mahapatra, S., & Mahapatro, S. R. (2023) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-023-08348-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Handling dynamic multiobjective optimization problems with variable environmental change via classification prediction and dynamic mutation

Li, J., Liu, R., & Wang, R. (2022) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2022.06.095 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Deep reinforcement learning-based adaptive fuzzy control for electro-hydraulic servo system

Khater, A. A., Fekry, M., El-Bardini, M., & El-Nagar, A. M. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10741-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Disk margin based robust stability analysis of a DC motor drive

Gopi, P., Srinivasan, S., & Krishnamoorthy, M. (2021) · Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2021.10.006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

A fast design technique for robust industrial controllers

Celentano, L. (2023) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2023.03.033 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Genetic Algorithm based PID Tuning Software Design and Implementation for a DC Motor Control System

Ortatepe, Z. (2023) · Gazi University Journal of Science Part A Engineering and Innovation · doi:10.54287/gujsa.1342905 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Dynamic ensemble multi-strategy based bald eagle search optimization algorithm: A controller parameters tuning approach

Liu, Y., Li, G., Jiang, D., Yun, J., Huang, L., Xie, Y., Jiang, G., Kong, J., Tao, B., Zou, C., et al. (2023) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110881 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Online motion accuracy compensation of industrial servomechanisms using machine learning approaches

Bilancia, P., Locatelli, A., Tutarini, A., Mucciarini, M., Iori, M., & Pellicciari, M. (2024) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102838 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

A Robust Adaptive PID-like Controller for Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Boubakir, A., Souanef, T., Labiod, S., & Whidborne, J. F. (2024) · Aerospace · doi:10.3390/aerospace11120980 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

A new method for experimental tuning of PI controllers based on the step response

Sanchis-Llopis, R., & Peñarrocha, I. (2021) · ISA Transactions · doi:10.1016/j.isatra.2021.09.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

DVS enabled fast beam tracking for underwater wireless laser communication

Zhang, K., Dong, X., & Sun, C. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.575992 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Development of a fuel cell humidification system and dynamic control of humidity

Fang, M., Wan, X., & Zou, J. (2022) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.8547 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Grey wolf optimizer-assisted R-method-based weighted minimization for automatic generation control in two-area interconnected power system

Krishna, P. J., Meena, V., Patnana, N., Mathur, A., & Singh, V. P. (2022) · International Journal of Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1007/s40435-022-01070-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Research on control strategy of seven-DOF vehicle active suspension system based on co-simulation

Ma, S., Li, Y., & Tong, S. (2023) · Measurement and Control · doi:10.1177/00202940231154954 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Model-Free Sliding Mode Enhanced Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (SMPID) Control

Zhu, Q. (2023) · Axioms · doi:10.3390/axioms12080721 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Multi-Phase Focused PID Adaptive Tuning with Reinforcement Learning

Ding, Y., Ren, X., Zhang, X., Liu, X., & Wang, X. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12183925 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Advanced active suspension control: A three-input fuzzy logic approach with jerk feedback for enhanced performance and robustness

Soudani, M. S., Aouiche, A., Ghanai, M., & Chafaa, K. (2024) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114326 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

PID Control Perspective: Techniques and Uses

Al-Dayyeni, W. S., & Mahmood, H. S. (2025) · Edison journal for electrical and electronics engineering. · doi:10.62909/ejeee.2025.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

PID controllers: recent tuning methods and design to specification

Cominos, P., & Munro, N. (2002) · IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-cta:20020103 · Cited by 523 · see citing works

PID controller tuning and Applications

Hussein, H. (2019) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.36735.66721

Digital control : past, present and future of PID control (PID '00) : a proceedings volume from the IFAC Workshop, Terrassa, Spain, 5-7 April 2000

Quevedo, J., & Escobet, T. (2000) · Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon eBooks · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Introduction to the special issue on PID control system design, automatic tuning and applications

Wang, L., & Visioli, A. (2023) · International Journal of Control · doi:10.1080/00207179.2024.2284449 · Cited by 6 · see citing works